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1.
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a.
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V. + 기 위해(서)/기 위하여
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=> "for," "for the sake of," "in order to"
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b.
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N. + 을/를 위해(서)/위하여
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=> "for," "for the benefit of"
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법관이 되기 위해서 시험 준비를 하고 있어요.
=> I am preparing for my exams to become a lawyer.
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할아버님을 뵙기 위하여 중국에 갔어요.
=> I went to China to see my grandfather.
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잃어버린 차를 찾기 위해 경찰관을 만나기로 했다.
=> I made arrangements to meet with the police to find my stolen car.
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2.
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a.
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N. + 만큼
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| => "(almost) as much as," "as well as"
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b.
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V. + ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을 + 만큼
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=> "do as much as," "is enough to . .
."
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(a) 만큼 indicates that the subject noun is or does almost as well as the noun it is compared with in the sentence.
- 동생이 형만큼 키가 크다.
=> The younger brother is as tall as his older brother.
- 시애틀은 디트로이트만큼 춥지 않다.
=> Seattle is not as cold as Detroit.
(b) The verbal modifiers are -는 for present, -ㄴ/은 for past, and -ㄹ/을 for
future tense.
- 친구가 돈을 빌려달라는 만큼 줬다.
=> I lent my friend as much money as he wanted to borrow.
- 공부한 만큼 배울 거다.
=> You will learn as much as you study.
- 그 책은 돈 주고 살 만큼 재미있지 않다.
=> The book is not interesting enough for me to buy it.
- 그 물건은 비싼 만큼 좋지 않다.
=> The stuff is not worth what it costs.
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3.
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a.
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V. + ㄹ/을수록
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| => "the more one does . . . , the more . . ."
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b.
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V. + (으)면 V. + ㄹ/을수록
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=> "the more one does . . . , the more . . ." (emphasis)
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Both constructions are close in meaning, but the second has a stronger emphasis.
(a)
- 생각할수록 더 모르겠다.
=> The more I think about it, the more confused I am.
- 이 책은 읽을수록 더 재미있다.
=> The more I read, the more interesting this book becomes.
- 돈을 많이 벌수록 더 바빠져요.
=> The more money you make, the busier you get.
(b)
- 갈 길이 멀면 멀수록 일찍 떠나야 한다.
=> The farther you have to travel, the earlier you must leave.
- 물을 주면 줄수록 나무가 빨리 자랐다.
=> The more I watered the tree, the faster it grew.
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4.
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V. + ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을 모양이다
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| => "it looks . . . ," "it seems . . . ," "it appears . . ." |
This pattern expresses the speaker's opinion of an action or an event.
- 그 책이 재미있는 모양이다.
=> It seems that the book is interesting (to him).
- 사람이 많이 온 모양이다.
=> It looks as though many people came.
- 누가 전화를 건 모양이다.
=> It looks as though someone called.
- 오후에 비가 올 모양이다.
=> It appears that it is going to rain this afternoon.
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5. |
Indirect speech: polite informal forms
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| => "they say . . . ," "someone says . . ." |
-대요, -래요, -(으)래요, -냬요, and 재요 are the colloquial short forms of -다고 해요/합니다, -라고 해요/합니다, -자고 해요/합니다, and -냐고 해요/합니다, as illustrated below. (See L5, GN2 and the
indirect speech endings chart below). Polite formal short forms of -답니다, -랍니다, -(으)랍니다, -냡니다, and -잡니다 are explained in
L20, GN1.
- 할머니께서 내일 미국에 오신대.
=> (They say that) Grandma is coming to the United States tomorrow.
- 내일도 또 비가 온대.
=> (They say that) it will rain again tomorrow.
- 그 사람이 가수래.
=> (They say that) he is a singer.
- 이 물건이 그 회사의 수출품이래.
=> (It's said that) this is the company's export item.
- 친구가 나에게 지금 나오래.
=> My friend tells me to come out now.
- 전화를 빨리 받으래.
=> (Someone) says to answer the phone.
- 친구가 공원에 놀러 가래.
=> My friend tells us go to the park to play.
- 요즘 기분이 어떠냬요.
=> (He/She asks) how I/you feel.
- 날씨가 좋냬요.
=> (They ask) whether the weather is nice.
- 숙제하러 도서관에 가재.
=> (He/She) invites us to go to the library.
Indirect speech endings chart
| Sentence Types |
Statement |
Statement |
Command |
| Plain Form |
V. + 다고 하다
V. + 었/았다고 하다
V. + ㄹ/을거라고 하다 |
N. + (이)라고 하다
N. + (이)었다고 하다
N. + 일거라고 하다 |
V. + (으)라고 하다 |
Polite Informal
Short Form |
-대요
-었/았대요
-ㄹ/을거래요 |
(이)래요
-(이)었대요
-일거래요 |
-(으)래요 |
Polite Formal
Short Form |
-답니다
-었/았답니다
-을거랍니다 |
-(이)랍니다
-(이)었답니다
-일거랍니다 |
-(으)랍니다 |
| Meaning |
it is said that . . . (present)
it is said that . . . (past)
it is said that . . . (future) |
they say that . . . is . . .
they say that . . . was . . .
they say that . . . will be . . . |
they tell us to do . . . |
| Sentence Types |
Question |
"let's" |
| Plain Form |
D.V. + (으)냐고 하다
A.V. + (느)냐고 하다
N. + (이)냐고 하다
V. + 었/았냐고 하다
N. + (이)었냐고 하다
V. + ㄹ/을거냐고 하다
N. + 일거냐고 하다 |
V. + 자고 하다 |
Polite Informal
Short Form |
-(느)냬요
-(느)냬요
-(이)냬요
-었/았냬요
-였냬요
-ㄹ/을거냬요
-일거냬요 |
-재요 |
Polite Formal
Short Form |
-냡니다
-냡니다
-(이)냡니다
-었/았냡니다
-(이)었냡니다
-ㄹ/을거냡니다
-일거냡니다 |
-잡니다 |
| Meaning |
ask whether/if . . . (present)
ask whether/if . . . (present)
ask whether/if . . . (present)
ask whether/if . . . (past)
ask whether/if . . . (past)
ask whether/if . . . (future)
ask whether/if . . . (future) |
they ask/invite to do . . . |
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6.
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N. + 같은
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| => "like," "same as" |
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- 신사임당 같은 여자
=> a woman like Lady Sin Saimdang
- 어머니 같은 언니
=> my sister, who is like Mother
- 천사 같은 마음
=> a heart like an angel