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1. Nominalization with -기 versus -ㅁ/음 (and
-는 것)
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To make a noun from a verb, -기 or -ㅁ/음 is used with different restrictions. Although -기 is attached directly to a verb stem and indicates the act of doing, -ㅁ/음 is attached to a verb stem or its tense marker to indicate the fact of doing or the state of being. -기 is often used, but -ㅁ/음 is limited in use. Their different uses are shown in the following examples:
| 동사 |
-ㅁ/음 |
-기 |
| (신) 벗다 |
to take off |
신 벗음 |
shoes off |
신 벗기 |
to take off/taking off shoes |
| *방에서 신 벗음 |
Shoes off in the room |
방에서 신 벗기 |
Taking off in a room |
| 믿다 |
to believe |
믿음 |
faith |
믿기 |
to believe |
| 믿음이 필요하다. |
(We) need a faith. |
그것은 믿기 힘들다. |
That is hard to believe. |
| 모이다 |
to gather |
모임 |
meeting |
모이기 |
to meet or gather |
| 다음 모임이 언제예요? |
When is the next meeting? |
다 모이기가 어렵다. |
It's difficult to gather everyone. |
젊다
(젊어지다) |
to be young
( to get young) |
젊음 |
youth |
젊어지기 |
to get young |
| 젊음을 부러워 하다. |
They envy youth. |
젊어지기 위해서 운동을 한다. |
(He) exercises to be young. |
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* Although 신 벗음 is a verbal noun, the rest of the nouns in the examples―잠, 믿음, 모임, and 젊음―are "frozen" nouns, which have entered dictionary as regular nouns.
a. A.V. + 기 indicates an action or "doing." It also indicates the process or the method of the act. It is often used with verbs like 좋다, 재미있다, 싫다, 나쁘다, 쉽다, 어렵다, 편하다, or 불편하다.
- 읽기 reading
한글은 읽기 쉬워요.
=> It's easy to read hangul.
- 벗기 taking off
이 신은 벗기 어려워요.
=> These shoes are difficult to take off.
- 타기 taking/riding
여기에서 버스가 타기 좋아요.
=> It's convenient/nice to take a bus here.
The verbal nouns with -기 can be changed to the -는 것 clause, but the meaning may also change.
-는 것 indicates the fact of doing/being something.
- 한글은 읽는 것이 쉬워요.
=> It is easy to read hangul.
- 이 신은 신는 것이 어려워요.
=> These shoes are difficult to put on.
- 버스 타는 것이 좋아요.
=> I like/enjoy riding a bus / it is better to take a bus.
b. V. + ㅁ/음 indicates an abstraction of the verb from which the verbal noun is derived. In addition to making a verbal noun, this form is used in a note or in a cryptic statement, as in these examples:
- 오늘 수업시간에 제 15 과를 배웠음.
=> Today I/we learned Lesson 15.
- 내일 아침 왕 선생님이 동경으로 출발하심.
=> Mr./Ms. Wang leaves for Tokyo tomorrow morning.
Some ㅁ/음 verbal nouns are "frozen" as permanent nouns, as in 웃음 "laugh," 울음 "cry," 기쁨 "joy," 슬픔 "sadness," 춤 "dance," 잠 "sleep," 꿈 "dream," 도움 "help," and 어둠 "darkness." When a frozen noun ends with its verbal noun, we have sentences like these examples, usually written in journal notes:
- 10시에 잠을 잠.
=> (I) went to bed at ten o'clock.
- 학교에서 두 시간 그림을 그림.
=> (I) paint two hours at school.
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2.
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V. + (어/아) 가지고
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| => "having done. . . ," "after doing . . ."
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This colloquial expression of "having done something" is similar to -ㄴ/은 후에 or -(어/아)서.
- 은행에서 돈을 찾아 가지고 나가겠어요.
=> After withdrawing money from the bank, I will go out.
- 한국어를 배워 가지고 한국 회사에 취직하겠어요.
=> After learning Korean, I will get a job in a Korean company.
- 공부를 해 가지고 와.
=> Come after you study.
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3. |
V. + ㄹ/을 때마다
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=> "whenever," "every time"
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Regardless of the tense, ㄹ/을 always precedes 때마다.
- 시간이 있을 때마다 노래 연습을 해요.
=> Whenever I have time, I practice singing.
- 한국에 갈 때마다 선물을 사 가지고 갔어요.
=> Whenever I went to Korea, I took gifts.
- 할아버지께서는 세배 할 때마다 세배 돈을 주세요.
=> Every time I bow on New Year's Day, grandpa gives me money.
- 시장에 갈 때마다 과일을 사요.
=> Whenever I go to the grocery store, I buy fruit.
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4. Making passive verbs with 이, 히, 리, and 기
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About 150 transitive verbs (which require a direct object) are made into their passive form using the four
suffixes 이, 히, 리, and 기. Some of the most frequently used of these verbs are presented in the passive verbs chart below. Note that another way of making a passive statement is using the A.V. + (어/아)지다 construction discussed in
L5, GN3.
Passive verbs chart
| 동사 |
이 |
| 보다 |
to see |
보이다 |
to be seen |
| 나누다 |
to divide |
나뉘다 |
to be divided |
| 덮다 |
to cover |
덮이다 |
to be covered |
| 섞다 |
to mix |
섞이다 |
to be mixed |
| 쌓다 |
to pile |
쌓이다 |
to be piled |
| 치다 |
to run over |
치(이)다 |
to be run over |
| 동사 |
히 |
| 뽑다 |
to select |
뽑히다 |
to be selected |
| 잡다 |
to catch |
잡히다 |
to be caught |
| 박다 |
to peg |
박히다 |
to be pegged |
| 닫다 |
to close |
닫히다 |
to be closed |
| 밟다 |
to step on |
밟히다 |
to be stepped on |
| 씹다 |
to chew |
씹히다 |
to be chewed |
| 읽다 |
to read |
읽히다 |
to be read |
| 동사 |
리 |
| 끌다 |
to pull |
끌리다 |
to be pulled |
| 듣다 |
to listen |
들리다 |
to be heard |
| 밀다 |
to push |
밀리다 |
to be pushed |
| 열다 |
to open |
열리다 |
to be open |
| 누르다 |
to press down |
눌리다 |
to be pressed |
| 씹다 |
to chew |
씹히다 |
to be chewed |
| 읽다 |
to read |
읽히다 |
to be read |
| 동사 |
기 |
| 감다 |
to wind |
감기다 |
to be wound |
| 끊다 |
to cut |
끊기다 |
to be cut |
| 빼앗다 |
to deprive |
빼앗기다 |
to be deprived |
| 안다 |
to hold |
안기다 |
to be held (in the arms) |
| 쫓다 |
to chase |
쫓기다 |
to be chased |
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Note that these suffixes overlap wih the causatives in some verbs. (See L17,
GN3 and GN7.)
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5. |
A.V. + ㄹ/을 줄 알다
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=> "to know," "to know how"
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A.V. + ㄹ/을 줄 모르다
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=> "not to know," "not to know how"
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This expression is used to indicate "knowing or not knowing how to do things."
- 피아노를 칠 줄 아세요?
=> Do you know how to play piano?
- 한국어 책을 읽을 줄 압니다.
=> I know how to read Korean books.
- 컴퓨터 고칠 줄 알아?
=> Don't you know how to fix a computer?
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6.
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N. + 못지 않게
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| =>"as good/well as," "(even) better/more than"
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This construction indicates that the subject noun is as good as (or better than) or does as well as (or better than) the noun it is compared with. The noun followed by 못지 않게 is the noun it is compared with. (See also -만큼 in
L9, GN2.)
- 이 포도주는 선전 못지 않게 맛도 좋다.
=> This wine is as good as the ads say (maybe even better).
- 디에고는 한국 사람 못지 않게 한국말을 잘한다.
=> Diego can speak Korean as well as a Korean does.
- 진 선생님 못지 않게 손 선생님도 인기가 있었다.
=> Mr./Ms. Sohn was as popular as Mr./Ms. Chin.