1.	V. + (어/아)져 있다
		=> "being in (changed state or position of)"

This helping verb describes the changed state of an object or an event. All verbs that end in -(어/아)지다 can have this construction, but not all verbs can end in -(어/아)져 있다. (See L5, GN3 and L12, GN2.)

• 나누어져 있다 
  => "something was divided and is still divided" 
  
• 세워져 있다 
  => "something was established and is still established"
  
• 떨어져 있다 
  => "something was separated and is still separated"
  
• 넘어져 있다 
  => "something fell down and is in the down position" 
  
• 엎어져 있다 
  => "something fell and is flat on its face" 
  
• 부서져 있다 
  => "something is broken"
  
• 빠져 있다 
  => "something came off and is still off"

Note the differences between 졌다 and 져 있다:

졌다 져 있다 나무가 넘어졌다.  나무가 넘어져 있다.  A tree fell.  A tree has fallen (and is still there).  전쟁 때 한강대교가 부서졌다.  그 다리가 아직도 부서져 있다.  During the war, the Han River Bridge was destroyed. The bridge remains destroyed.  나사가 빠졌다. 나사가 빠져 있다.  The screw came off. The screw is off.  길이 좁아졌다.  길이 좁아져 있다. The road became narrow.  The road got narrow (and is still narrow).

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	2.	A.V. + 고자 하다
		=> "to try to," "to plan to," "would like to"

This expression is used in a more formal context than -(으)려고 하다. 

• 다들 한반도를 가보고자 한다. 
  => Everyone tries to visit the Korean Peninsula.
  
• 오늘은 여러분의 의견을 듣고자 합니다. 
  => I would like to hear your opinions today.
  
• 그 국회의원은 법을 고쳐서 평등한 사회를 만들고자 했습니다. 
  => The congressman tried to change the law and make a fair society.
  
• 내일부터는 저녁 먹기 전에 꼭 운동을 하고자 한다. 
  => I plan to exercise before dinner, starting tomorrow for sure.

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	3.	V. + 기도 하다
		=> "it is also . . ."

• 한국 전쟁은 "육 이오"라고 불리기도 한다. 
  => The Korean War is also known as (the war of) "June twenty-fifth." 
  
• 여름에 보통 덥지만 가끔 춥기도 하다. 
  => It is usually warm, but sometimes it is cold in the summer.
  
• 그 반도는 무역에 중요한 위치이기도 하다. 
  => The peninsula is also an important location for commercial transportation. 

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	4.	N. + 을/를 비롯하여
		=> "including," "beginning with"

This pattern is often followed by -까지(도) and expresses the inclusion of "even that item." 　

• 그분은 책읽기를 좋아해서 소설책을 비롯하여 만화책까지 다 읽어요. 
  => Because she/he loves to read, she/he reads all kinds of books from novels to comics. 
  
• 대전과 부여를 비롯하여 충청남도를 다 둘러봤다. 
  => We toured all of the South Ch'ungch'ŏng Province, including Taejŏn and Puyŏ. 
  
• 북한에는 금강산을 비롯하여 아름다운 산들이 많이 있다. 
  => There are many beautiful mountains in North Korea, including the Kŭmgang Mountains.

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	5.	N. + 에 의해(서)
		=> "by," "in accordance with"

• 법에 의해서 남녀 평등이 보장되어 있다. 
  => In accordance with the law, male-female equality is guaranteed.
  
• 적군에 의해 전쟁이 시작되었다. 
  => The war was started by the enemy. 
  
• 선거에 의해 새 대통령이 뽑혔다. 
  => The president was elected by voting.

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	6.	N. + 이/가 아닐 수 없다
		=> "it cannot be anything but," "it is such a . . ."

• 두 나라로 나뉘어 있다는 것은 비극이 아닐 수 없다. 
  => Having a country divided cannot be anything but a tragedy.
  
• 그 때 그 물건을 안 산 것은 잘못이 아닐 수 없어요. 
  => Not buying the item at the time was such a mistake.
  
• 태권도는 한국의 대표적 무술이 아닐 수 없지. 
  => Tae kwon do can't be anything but a representative Korean martial art.