What does it mean to be a citizen? How have notions of "citizenship" and a "public sphere" been central to understandings of, and struggles for, equality throughout American history? This course explores the evolution of American citizenship — its changing legal contours and cultural meanings — in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It will focus on the racial and gender dimensions of this history, both dominant discourses constructing an exclusively white-male citizenry and popular practices challenging it.