| |
|
|
|
|
|
Conjunctions
vs Prepositions
A
conjunction is a "little word" that
connects two clauses: "You're so fine, and
you're mine"; "Long stemmed roses are the
way to your heart, but he needs to start with
your head." In German, a conjunction either "cooordinates"
two "equally important" clauses, or it "subordinates"
one clause to the other. Subordinating conjunctions
make the verb go to the end in the clause they introduce,
while coordinating conjunctions leave the verb position
unchanged (==> the verb will usually, but not always,
be in position 2 after a coordinating conjunction).
Since conjunctions determine the relation between
clauses (and, because, although, as if...), it's crucial
for you to be familiar with their meanings.
A
preposition is a "little word" that brings
a noun or pronoun into the sentence: "Zephyr
in the sky at night I
wonder, do my tears of mourning sink
beneath the sun?" Prepositions
don't affect word order in German, but they do determine
the case of the noun or pronoun they bring into the
sentence. Since prepositions determine what the nouns
or pronouns they bring into the sentence are doing
there (on, under, with, without, instead of...), it's
again crucial for you to be familiar with their meanings.
Click
here for more information on prepositions.
A
few words (e.g. seit, während)
can be both conjunctions and prepositions,
and you have to determine their function by looking
to see if they are connecting two phrases (Ich esse
SPAM, seit ich in Amerika bin: conjunction;
Ich esse seit drei Stunden SPAM: preposition).
English uses "after" and "before"
as both conjunctions and prepositions, but German
distinguishes the conjunctions nachdem
and bevor from the prepositions nach
and vor.
Even
after reading this explanation, you're likely to sometimes
confuse prepositions and conjunctions. ==> When
your instructor uses either term and you're not sure
what s/he means, please ask. Many of your classmates
will be grateful to you!
|
|
Coordinating
Conjunctions
These
ocupy position 0 and leave the verb position the same
as in the preceding clause.
|
|
Subordinating
Conjunctions
These
send the conjugated verb to the end of the clause.
| bevor |
before |
| ehe |
before |
| nachdem |
after |
| während |
during,
while, whereas |
| seit,
seitdem |
since
(for time, not for "because") |
| bis |
until,
by |
| als |
when
(past events) |
| wenn |
when
(pres. & fut.), whenever, if |
| wann |
when
(questions only) |
| obgleich |
although |
| obschon |
although |
| obwohl |
although |
| als
ob, als wenn, als |
as
if |
| solange |
as
long as |
| sooft |
as
often as (whenever) |
| sobald |
as
soon as |
| da |
because |
| weil |
because |
| indem |
by
...-ing |
| wenn |
if,
when |
| ob |
whether,
if [use only if you could say "whether" in
English] |
| falls |
in
case, if |
| um...zu |
in
order to |
| damit |
so
that |
| so
dass |
so
that |
| dass |
that |
|
|
Two-Part
Coordinating Conjunctions
These
ocupy position 1 (except for the "oder" in
"entweder...oder") and leave the verb position
the same as in the preceding clause.
|
|
Usage
Notes and Examples
Coordinating
Conjunctions
Und,
denn, sondern, aber, oder
1.
Silly note for disco fans: these can be sung to the
tune of "Stayin' Alive." Amaze your friends at Retro
Nights...:
| und |
denn |
son- |
dern |
aber-oder |
aber-oder |
| ah |
ha |
ha |
ha |
stayin'alive |
stayin'alive |
2.
After a coordinating conjunction, continue with the
same word order as in the previous clause. The conjunction
occupies "position zero." This usually means
that the conjugated verb will be in position two (or
first position, if the subject is omitted--1st &
3rd example):
| Einstein
war ein sauberer Mensch, aber [er] kämmte
sich nie die Haare. |
Einstein
was a clean person, but he never combed his hair. |
"X-Rays"
heißen auf deutsch "Röntgenstrahlen", denn sie
wurden 1895 von Wilhelm Röntgen entdeckt. |
"X-rays"
are called "Röntgen rays" in German
because they were discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen
in 1895. |
| Das
Universum wird ewig expandieren, oder [es]
wird eines Tages kollabieren. |
The
universe will expand eternally, or it will collapse
one day. |
If, however, the previous clause has dependent
word order (conjugated verb at the end), then the sentence
continues with dependent word order after the coordinating
conjunction:
| Es
regnet, weil die Luft feucht ist und
es kalt ist. |
It's
raining because the air is moist and (because) it's
cold. |
| Der
Autor glaubt, dass Evolution kein deterministischer
Vorgang ist, sondern ein Zufall war.
|
The
author believes that evolution is not a deterministic
process, but rather, that it was a chance occurrence. |
This
applies also when coordinating and subordinating conjunctions
appear side by side:
| Es
regnet, weil die Luft feucht ist
und weil es kalt ist. |
It's
raining because the air is moist and because it's
cold. |
| Wir
sind jetzt müde, aber sobald wir in
die Deutschklasse kommen, werden wir wach
[=awake]. |
We're
tired now, but as soon as we get into the German
class we become awake. |
Other
notes and examples
1.
Aber vs sondern:
a.
Use sondern if you could say "but rather"
[in the sense of instead] in English.
b.
Sondern must be preceded by a negation; aber
can be.
c.
Nicht nur is always followed by sondern auch.
Die Sonne ist nicht sehr groß,
aber sie ist heiß. |
The
sun is not very big, but it is hot. |
Die Sonne ist nicht sehr groß,
sondern durchschnittlich. |
The sun is not very big, but rather [instead],
it is average. |
| Unsere
Sonne ist nicht nur groß, sondern
auch heiß. |
The
sun is not only big, but also hot. |
2.
Denn vs weil: both give a reason, and
their meanings are as similar as those of "because"
and "since" in English. The only differences are that
they require different word order (since weil
is a subordinating conjunction), and that denn-clauses
cannot start a sentence. The following sentences
are all equivalent, but the last one is illegal:
| Die
Dinosaurier sind ausgestorben, weil ein gewaltiger
[=huge] Meteorit auf die Erde gefallen ist. |
The
dinosaurs died out because a huge meteorite hit
the Earth. |
| Die
Dinosaurier sind ausgestorben, denn ein gewaltiger
[=huge] Meteorit ist auf die Erde gefallen. |
| Weil
ein gewaltiger [=huge] Meteorit auf die Erde gefallen
ist, sind die Dinosaurier ausgestorben. |
Because
a huge meteorite hit the Earth, the dinosaurs died
out. |
Denn
ein gewaltiger [=huge] Meteorit ist auf die Erde
gefallen, sind die Dinosaurier ausgestorben.
|
3.
Aber can follow the verb and nouns/pronouns,
or just the subject. This adds emphasis. See jedoch
below for more examples.
| Ein
roter Riese endet oft als Neutronenstern, kann
aber auch ein schwarzes Loch werden. |
A
red giant often ends as a neutron star, but
can also become a black hole. |
| Der
Präsident ist ein Alien, wir wollen ihn
aber wieder wählen. |
The
president is an alien, but (still) we will
vote for him again |
Der
Präsident ist ein Alien, wir wollen aber
ihn wieder wählen. |
The
president is an alien, but (still) we will
vote for him again] |
| Der
Präsident ist ein Alien, wir aber
wollen wieder für ihn wählen. |
The
president is an alien; we, however, will
vote for him again |
Zurück nach oben Other
coordinating conjunctions: allein, doch, jedoch, beziehungsweise
allein:
Can be used instead of aber to express unwelcome
or unexpected problems or restrictions. Sounds formal
and a little archaic.
| Es
gibt viele kosmologische Theorien, allein
wir wissen über 90% der Materie des Universums
gar nichts. |
There
are many cosmological theories, but (unfortunately)
we know nothing at all about 90% of the material
of the universe. |
doch, jedoch: Slightly more
formal and slightly more emphatic than aber. They may
occupy position 0, like und, denn, etc., or they may occupy
first position, as in the second example below.
| Wir
hatten Hunger, jedoch/doch ich aß
das Eis nicht. |
We
were hungry, but I did not eat the ice cream.
|
| Wir
hatten Hunger, jedoch/doch aß ich
das Eis nicht. |
We
were hungry, but I did not eat the ice cream. |
Jedoch is a little stronger than doch, and
can come after the subject and/or the verb and nouns/pronouns,
like aber, for added emphasis. Notice how
the emphasis changes as jedoch moves around in
the following sentences:
Wir
hatten Hunger, ich aß das Eis
jedoch nicht. |
We
were hungry, but I did not eat the
ice cream. |
| Wir
hatten Hunger, ich aß es jedoch nicht. |
We
were hungry, but I did not eat it. |
| Wir
hatten Hunger, ich aß jedoch das Eis
nicht. |
We
were hungry, but I did not eat the ice
cream. |
Wir
hatten Hunger, ich aß jedoch es nicht. |
We
were hungry, but I did not eat it.
|
| Wir
hatten Hunger, ich jedoch aß das Eis
nicht. |
We
were hungry, but I did not eat the
ice cream. |
| Wir
hatten Hunger, ich jedoch aß es nicht. |
We
were hungry, but I did not eat it.
|
beziehungsweise (abbrev.:
bzw): This is a relatively formal synonym for oder,
used with mutually exclusive alternatives. It can
also mean "or more precisely."
| Ein
Hamburger kostet € 2.40, bzw. €
2.80 mit Käse. |
A
Hamburger costs € 2.40, or €2.80 with
cheese. |
| Die
beiden gingen ins Gefängnis [=prison], beziehungsweise
zum elektrischen Stuhl. |
The
two of them went to prison and the electric chair
respectively. |
| Homer
Simpson hat den Fisch gegessen, beziehungsweise
gefressen. |
Homer
Simpson ate the fish, or more precisely he devoured
it. |
Die
Erde kreist um die Sonne,
bzw. Sonne und Erde kreisen umeinander. |
The
Earth revolves around the Sun, or more precisely
the Sun and the Earth revolve around each other. |
Zurück nach oben
Two-Part
Coordinating Conjunctions
entweder...oder:
either...or
| Entweder
du gibst mir € 100, oder ich gehe zur
Polizei. |
Either
you give me € 100 or I'm going to the
police. |
| Entweder
gibst du mir € 100, oder ich gehe zur
Polizei. |
| Du
gibst mir entweder € 100, oder
ich gehe zur Polizei. |
| Du
kannst entweder das rote oder das
grüne Hemd tragen. |
You
can wear either the red or the green
shirt. |
weder...noch: neither...nor
| Du
kannst weder das rote noch das grüne
Hemd tragen. |
You
can wear neither the red shirt nor
the green shirt. |
| Der
Stern von Bethlehem war weder eine Supernova,
noch (war er) ein Komet. [usual word order]
|
The
start of Bethlehem was neither a supernova
nor a comet. |
| Weder
war der Stern von Bethlehem eine Supernova, noch
(war er) ein Komet. [uncommon word order] |
sowohl...als auch: both...and
| Du
kannst sowohl das rote als auch das
grüne Hemd tragen. |
You
can wear both the red shirt and the
green shirt. |
| Wir
haben sowohl die Hausaufgabe gemacht, als
auch alle Vokabeln gelernt. |
We
did the homework and we learned the vocabulary. |
einerseits...andererseits:
on the one hand...on the other hand
| Einerseits
mache ich Diät, andererseits will ich
gern ein Eis essen. |
On
the one hand I'm on a diet, on the other
hand I'd like to eat some ice cream. |
| Ich
mache einerseits Diät, andererseits
will ich gern ein Eis essen. |
bald...bald/mal...mal:
sometimes...sometimes
| Bald
regnet es, bald scheint die Sonne. |
Sometimes
it rains, sometimes the sun shines. |
| Mal
ist der Pandabär aggressiv, mal ist
er unglaublich süß. |
Sometimes
the panda bear is aggressive, sometimes it's
unbelievably sweet. |
teils...teils: partly...partly
| Wasser
besteht teils aus Sauerstoff, teils
aus Wasserstoff. |
Water
consists partly of Oxygen, partly
of Hydrogen. |
| Die
Studenten gehen teils zur Bibliothek, teils
bleiben sie zu Hause. |
Some
of the students go to the library, some stay
at home. |
| Teils
gehen die Studenten zur Bibliothek, teils
bleiben sie zu Hause. |
Zurück nach oben Subordinating
Conjunctions ==> Verb in final position
als/wenn/wann:
when. In past tense, use als, unless
you mean whenever, in which case you should use
wenn. In present and future tense,
use wenn for when and for whenever.
Use wann only for questions and indirect
questions.
| Als
ich nach Ulm ging, sah ich dich. |
When
I went to Ulm, I saw you. |
| Wenn
ich nach Ulm ging, sah ich dich. |
Whenever
I went to Ulm, I saw you |
| Wenn
ich nach Ulm gehe, sehe ich dich. |
When/Whenever
I go to Ulm, I see you. |
| Wann
gehst du nach Ulm? |
When
are you going to Ulm? |
| Ich
weiß nicht, wann ich nach Ulm gehe. |
I
don't know when I'm going to Ulm [indirect
question]. |
ob/wenn: Both translate if,
but only one is right in any given sentence. If you can
say whether in English, you must use ob
in German. If you cannot, you must use wenn.
| Ich
weiß nicht, ob das stimmt. |
I
don't know whether (if) that is right. |
| Wenn
es stimmt, bin ich froh. |
If
(whether) it is right, I'm
happy. |
falls: in case, if. Falls can
sometimes be used instead of wenn to express possibility.
It is a little more tentative than wenn.
| Falls
ihr es baut, werden sie kommen. |
If
you build it, they will come. [more tentative] |
| Wenn
ihr es baut, werden sie kommen. |
If
you build it, they will come. [less tentative] |
| Nimm
einen Schirm mit, falls es regnet. |
Take
an umbrella along in case it rains. |
| Nimm
einen Schirm mit, wenn es regnet. |
Take
an umbrella along if it rains. |
Zurück
nach oben
bevor/ehe:
before. Ehe is slightly more formal. Reminder: use
bevor with actions, but vor with
nouns (Wir sehen uns bevor der Film
beginnt; Wir sehen uns vor dem Film).
nachdem:
after. Reminder: use nachdem with actions,
but nach with nouns (Wir sehen uns nachdem
der Film beginnt; Wir sehen uns nach dem
Film).
seitdem,
seit: since. Reminders:
1.
Use seitdem or seit with actions,
but only seit with nouns (Wir schlafen
seit/seitdem die Klasse begann; Wir schlafen
seit der Klasse).
2. Seitdem and seit
mean "since" in the temporal sense only.
They cannot be used in the sense of "because."
For this, you would have to use weil, da,
or denn.
damit/so
dass/um...zu: so that. See "Superwörter
I" for more explanations!
da/weil:
because. Da is slightly more formal.
als
ob/als wenn/als: as if. Als ob is the most common
of the three. Since they describe conjectures or contrary
to fact conditions, these are usually used with
Subjunctive II. Note: when als
is used in this sense, the conjugated verb is in position
2, not in final position.
| Dieser
Schmetterling sieht aus, als ob/als wenn
er ein Blatt wäre. |
This
butterfly looks as if it were a leaf. |
| Dieser
Schmetterling sieht aus, als wäre
er ein Blatt. |
Zurück nach oben bis:
until; by.Bis usually means until, but can
also mean by the time or by.
| Wir
kitzelten Rumpelstilzchen, bis sie lächelte. |
We
tickled Rumpelstizchen until she smiled.
|
| Bis
sie lächelte, waren viele Jahre vergangen. |
By
the time she smiled, many years had passed.
|
dass: that.Like its English
equivalent "that," daß can often be omitted,
but in that case the verb goes to position 2.
| Einstein
glaubte, daß Gott nicht würfelt. |
Einstein
believed that God does not play dice. |
| Einstein
glaubte, Gott würfelt nicht. |
Einstein
believed [that] God does not play dice. |
indem: by ...-ing. Explains
how something is achieved.
| Manchmal
begehen Lemminge Massenselbstmord, indem
sie ins Meer springen. |
Sometimes
lemmings commit mass suicide by jumping into
the sea. |
| Indem
er dem Lehrer eine Banane gab, sicherte sich der
Student eine gute Note. |
By
giving the teacher a banana, the student secured
a good grade. |
obgleich/obschon/obwohl: although.
Obwohl is the most common of the three.
| Obgleich/obschon/obwohl
es ein nützliches Wort ist, benutzen die Studenten
"obwohl" selten. |
Although
it is a useful word, the students rarely use "obwohl." |
Zurück nach oben sobald/solange/sooft:
as soon as/as long as/as often as (whenever). These
indicate the conditions under which something will happen.
| Sobald
die Kinder Barney sehen, hört ihr Gehirn auf
zu funktionieren. |
As
soon as the children see Barney, their brain
stops functioning. |
| Solange
das Innere der Erde heiß ist, werden die Kontinente
sich bewegen. |
As
long as the interior of the earth is hot, the
continents will move. |
| Der
Schneider wird Daumen abschneiden, sooft
ein Kind seinen Daumen lutscht. |
The
tailor will cut off thumbs as often as/whenever
a child sucks its thumb. |
Während:
during, while. Like while in English, während
can be used temporally to indicate that two actions
are going on simultaneously, or "conceptually" to contrast
two ideas or events. See also Superwörter
II for some more details about während.
| Nero
spielte seine Flöte während Rom
brannte. |
Nero
played his flute while Rome burned. |
| Die
meisten Autos haben einen Viertakt-Motor, während
der Trabant einen Zweitakt-Motor hat, wie ein Motorrad
oder eine Kettensäge. |
Most
cars have a four-stroke engine, while/whereas
the Trabant has a two-stroke engine, like a motorcycle
or a chainsaw. |
Zurück nach oben |
|
|