Note: It is critical that students attend class from the beginning of the term. Even though students may be registered officially for a course, departments may give away a student's place in a course if the student has not appeared for the first one or two meetings.

Students may be dropped from a course for non-attendance:


All students must take action at CRISP to make sure that their official schedule of courses matches the courses they are attending.

Departments are not obligated to withdraw students officially from the course, even though the student has been informed that his/her place in a course has been taken away. Students are responsible for the accuracy of their schedules and must be sure that all drops are processed through CRISP during the Normal Drop/Add Period.

COURSES IN AFROAMERICAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES (DIVISION 311)

Introductory Courses

100. Introduction to Afro-American Studies. (4). (SS).
This course introduces and provides a general overview of the area of Afroamerican Studies. It employs a multi-disciplinary perspective which combines elements from conventional historical, political, sociocultural and behavioral orientations in the analysis of Afroamerican culture and institutions. The course format is a lecture-discussion with four weekly lectures. Students meet with T.A.'s once weekly to discuss course readings and lectures. The course will be supplemented by guest lecturers, selected CAAS colloquia, films, special projects and field trips. WL:4 (Barkley-Brown)

Literature and the Arts

108/Hist. of Art 108. Introduction to African Art. (3). (Excl).
See History of Art 108. (Quarcoopome)

COURSES IN AMERICAN CULTURE (DIVISION 315)

201. American Values. (4). (HU).
This course will survey changing conceptions of the meaning of the American experiment from colonial times to the present. Political, social, economic, religious and cultural ideals have evolved over time, under the influence of changing historical circumstances. American ideals today differ markedly, in all areas, from those of earlier generations; yet there is also much continuity. And Americans of every generation have been divided among themselves over the proper formulation of their ideals. We shall analyze the forces and conflicts which have shaped and reshaped our national commitments. Lectures will focus upon ideas and events from the 18th through the 20th centuries. Readings will be drawn from the original writings of the various periods of American history. There will be a one-hour midterm, two short papers, and a final examination, including a take-home portion. (Scobey)

210. Topics in Ethnic Studies. (3). (SS). May be repeated for credit with permission.
Section 001: Introduction to Asian-American Studies.
The experience of people of color have shaped and tested the character of the U.S., its culture, institutions, and society. This course will examine the nature of American culture and society through a study of the Asian American experience in U.S. history. The Asian American experience reveals the dynamics of race relations and economic stratification in this country as well as the continuing process of defining America and American. This course provides an introductory study of the experience of Asian immigrants and their citizen descendants in the United States from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. The groups covered include Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Pacific Islander, South Asian, Southeast Asian-Americans. Topics for discussion will include international/domestic relations, immigration policy, ethnic adaptive strategies, ethnic community building, constitutional issues, majority/minority relations, and literary expressions. The format of the course will be lecture and discussion. Students will be evaluated on the basis of discussion, exams, and papers. Cost:3 (Fujita)

Section 002: Latinos in the United States - An Introduction. Latinos - or Hispanics - are the second largest minority in the U.S. Comprised of those whose origins - however near or far - come from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America, Latinos comprise very variegated experiences in the U.S. Both the reasons for migration from their countries and their processes of incorporation in American society vary widely. Together we will seek to understand both what they share and what is unique. This course explores the experiences of the major groups of Latinos in the U.S. - Chicanos, Mexicans immigrants, Puerto Ricans, Cubans - both for what it tells us about them and for the social problems and social issues they serve to exemplify: family, immigration law and its consequences, the different meaning of race in Latin America and the U.S., the unfolding drama of revolution, the culture of poverty, and the like. Overall we will seek to understand to what extent Latinos are insiders or outsiders to this society, and why. (Pedraza)

240/Women's Studies 240. Introduction to Women's Studies. Open to all undergraduates. (4). (HU).
See Women's Studies 240.

ANTHROPOLOGY

COURSES IN BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (DIVISION 318)

161. Introduction to Biological Anthropology. (4). (NS).
The course explores the biological basis for variation in human morphology, physiology, and behavior across different modern populations around the world, and through human evolutionary history. Major topics discussed are evolutionary theory, genetics, human adaptation, primate and human behavior, and the human fossil record. No special knowledge is required or assumed. Cost:2 WL:2

COURSES IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY (DIVISION 319)

101. Introduction to Anthropology. Primarily for freshmen and sophomores. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 222 or 426. (4). (SS).
This introductory course exposes and explores the structures of inquiry characteristic of anthropology and surveys the field's four subdisciplines (biological, archaeological, cultural, and linguistic anthropology), providing a first glimpse of the field's overall context, history, present status, and importance. The principal aim of the course is to help students develop a coherent view of the essential concepts, structures, and intellectual methods that typify the discipline. It stresses unifying principles that link the subdisciplines and thereby create anthropology's comprehensive, holistic world view. It teaches students various ways of learning and thinking about the world's many designs for living in time and space. It prepares them to integrate and interpret information, to evaluate conflicting claims about human nature and diversity, and to think critically. Topics covered include: the nature of culture, human genetics, evolution, and the fossil record, the concept of race, primate (monkey and ape) behavior, language and culture, systems of marriage, kinship and family organization, sex and gender roles, economics, politics, and religion in global perspective, the cultural dimension of economic development and contemporary social change, and the emergence of a world system. Required readings may include an introductory text and various paperbacks. Lectures and discussion. Two objective exams (multiple choice and true or false questions) cover the two halves of the course. The second exam is given on the last day of class. There is no final exam and no term paper. Section leaders require quizzes and, perhaps a short paper. Cost:2 WL:1,3,4 (Kottak)

222. The Comparative Study of Cultures. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 101 or 426. Students with credit for Anthro. 101 should elect Anthro. 327. (4). (SS).
The purpose of this course is to acquaint students with the great variety existing in human culture and society so that they can place their own particular way of life in proper perspective. Its subject matter is world ethnology with special emphasis on social organization and economy. Lectures and readings are organized according to complexity of society; the course begins with hunters and gatherers, progresses through various tribal and peasant societies, and concludes with contemporary industrial nations. The approach is comparative. Lectures are supplemented by weekly discussion sections augmented by a variety of readings, primarily ethnographic in nature, and by frequent showings of ethnographic films. Course requirements include a midterm examination, a final examination, and a paper applying principles learned in the course to some aspect of the student's own life. Both examinations consist primarily of essay questions. This course is intended for non-concentrators. Cost:3 WL:4 (Lockwood)

282. Introduction to Prehistoric Archaeology. (4). (SS).
This course will combine a presentation of the techniques, methods, and theories of anthropological archaeology as a social science with a general survey of world prehistory. The presentation of method and theory will cover field and laboratory techniques for acquiring information about past cultures, methods for using that information to test ideas about past cultural organization and evolution, and current theoretical developments in anthropological archaeology as a social science. The survey of world prehistory will focus on four major problems in the development of human culture: (1) the emergence of Africa, between two and six million years ago, of the first proto-humans; (2) the appearance approximately 40,000 years ago of the first anatomically and behaviorally "modern" humans; (3) the origins of domesticated plants and animals and the development of the first village farming communities; and (4) the rise of more complex, stratified societies from these simpler farming societies. The course will be oriented as much toward students with a general curiosity and interest in the human past as toward students who will become eventual concentrators. There will be three lectures (one hour each) plus one discussion section per week. Requirements include three in-class hourly exams and a final examination, plus two take-home exercises that give students firsthand experience with the application of analytical methods to real archaeological data. Required Readings: ARCHAEOLOGY (2nd edition, 1989), by David Hurst Thomas, plus a course pack with articles supplementing the text. Cost:3 WL:2 (Speth)

COURSES IN ARMENIAN STUDIES (DIVISION 322)

171/Slavic Ling. 171. First-Year Armenian. (4). (LR).
See Armenian 171 in the Slavic Department listing. (Bardakjian)

ASIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES

COURSES IN BUDDHIST STUDIES (DIVISION 332)

230/Asian Studies 230/Phil. 230/Rel. 230. Introduction to Buddhism. (4). (HU).
An introduction to the Buddhist religion, with attention to its moral and philosophical teachings, its modes of practice (e.g., meditation and ritual), and its social and institutional structures. The course takes a historical approach, concentrating on the origins of the Hinayana, Mahayana, and Tantric traditions in India, and the subsequent development of those traditions in Tibet and East Asia. Students attend three hours of lecture and a one-hour discussion section each week. There will be a midterm, final exam, and a paper. No previous knowledge of the subject is required. Cost:3 WL:4 (Lopez)

COURSES IN CHINESE (DIVISION 339)

101. Beginning Chinese. (5). (LR).
Chinese 101 is an introductory course in speaking, understanding, reading and writing Chinese. The student is expected to achieve control of the sound system, basic sentence patterns and basic vocabulary of Standard Mandarin Chinese. Starting the 5th week, we will learn to read and write the characters. In Chinese 101, the major emphasis is on speaking and aural comprehension. We recommend that students listen to the tapes one hour per day. This is a five-credit-hour course. We meet one hour each day. Tuesdays and Thursdays are lectures; Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays are recitations. Students are required to register for both a lecture section and a recitation section. Attendance is taken everyday and no audits are allowed. Textbooks: (a) John DeFrancis, Beginning Chinese (Yale Univ. Press) (b) John DeFrancis, Beginning Chinese Reader, Part I and II (Yale Univ. Press). Materials covered (Fall Term): Beginning Chinese, Lessons 1-13. Beginning Chinese Reader, Lessons 1-12. Cost:2 WL:1 (Tao)

250. Topics in Chinese Civilization. No knowledge of Chinese required. (1-3). (Excl).
Ideas and Images of China.
This new course will explore the identity of a people, defined for themselves and projected to others, by themselves and by outsiders. With readings, films, and other materials, we will study the relationship between ethnicity, language, culture, and location of the Chinese, their self-definition in relation to non-Chinese on their borders and eventually Westerners on their shores. How has historic identity shaped the events of the present century? What cultural significance lies in the ideas and images of watershed events like the fall of Beijing to the Mongols, the Opium War, the collapse of the last empire, the civil war and communist takeover, the outflow of students overseas from both Chinas, and the worldwide showing of the Tiananmen incident? What constitutes the identity of Chinese living outside China in the globalized culture of the world today? Class will be a combined lecture and discussion format and will require three short papers. (DeWoskin)

301. Reading and Writing Chinese. Permission of instructor. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Chinese 101 or 102. (4). (LR).
This course is designed for students with native or near-native speaking ability in Chinese, but little or no reading and writing ability. Chinese 301 meets three hours per week; it focuses on reading and writing Chinese and will cover the regular 101-102 reading materials. Students will be graded on the basis of daily classroom performance, daily quizzes, periodic tests, and homework assignments. The basic text is Beginning Chinese Reader by John DeFrancis. Cost:1 WL:1

COURSES IN JAPANESE (DIVISION 401)

101. Beginning Japanese. (5). (LR).
A thorough grounding is given in all the language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The aim of the oral component is to provide the student with the speaking and comprehension skills necessary to function effectively in practical situations in a Japanese-speaking environment. Attention is given to the social and cultural differences in the use of the language. In the reading and writing component the two Kana syllabaries (Katakana and Hiragana) and elementary characters (Kanji) are introduced. The goal of this component is to develop proficient reading skills through practice reinforced by oral and written short question-answer exercises. Students are required to practice with audio/video tapes a minimum of two hours for each class hour (10 hours per week). From the first day, recitation sessions are conducted entirely in Japanese; no English is permitted. Recitation sessions emphasize speaking/reading in Japanese contexts at normal speed with near native pronunciation, accent, intonation, rhythm and appropriate body language. Analyses, explanations, and discussions involving the use of English are specifically reserved for lectures with a linguist. Texts: Eleanor Harz Jorden and Mari Noda, Japanese: The Spoken Language, Parts I-II; Eleanor Harz Jorden and Hamako Ito Chaplin, Reading Japanese. Cost:2 WL:1

COURSES IN KOREAN (DIVISION 409)

101. Beginning Korean. (5). (LR).
As the first half of the beginning-year course in spoken and written Korean, it will emphasize the aural / oral skill, but attention will also be given to grammatical structure. Class regularly meets five time a week - 2 hours of lectures and 3 hours of aural / oral practice - and daily attendance is expected. In addition, students are required to do additional hours of work for listening practice on their own in the language lab. Though lectures, students will learn Korean characters, be able to read sentences with considerable fluency, and understand the basic grammatical structures of Korean. Based on the knowledge obtained through lectures, recitation classes will help the students develop an ability to use basic conversational expressions freely. The checkpoints for evaluation include homework assignments, weekly quizzes, reading aloud, and oral interviews. Those interested in taking this course are recommended to see the instructor before registration. WL:3 (Park, Staff)

COURSES IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (DIVISION 483)

Language Courses

101. Beginning Thai. (5). (LR).
Standard Thai, the language of Thailand, is typical of mainland Asia in its basic structure (pronunciation, grammar), but it also shows its ties to Indian culture in its alphabetic script and much of its vocabulary. The language offers a window onto a culture that has maintained much of its autonomy from Western influence, while being at the same time accessible to the open-minded inquirer (it is also worth mentioning that Thailand currently has one of Asia's fastest growing economies). The focus of the course is one use of the spoken language in everyday situations. Upon successful completion of the two-term sequence, students will be able to conduct conversations dealing with basic "survival" concerns, such as food, transportation, lodging, giving and receiving directions, etc., and will be able to read short elementary passages and use a dictionary. Class activities are mainly oral, and students will learn the Thai script, which is used in the written course materials from the first day of class. The beginnings of acquaintance with Thai culture, history, geography, etc. are offered, both in the content of the language lessons and in supplementary English-language presentations. Cost:1 WL:4 (Montatip Brown)

103. Beginning Indonesian. (5). (LR).
Indonesian is the national language of Indonesia, a country noted for its rich and deep cultural heritage as well as for its remarkable cultural diversity. With its 180,000,000 speakers, Indonesian is the sixth most prevalently spoken of world languages. The relatively simple syntactic and grammatical structures which characterize Indonesian make it an accessible language for native speakers of English. The elementary course comprises a two-term sequence designed to provide the student with a basic working knowledge of the Indonesian language. The course aims at the acquisition of the four basic language skills - listening, speaking, reading, and writing - in modern Indonesian. The class emphasizes aural-oral exercises and practice and the learning of culture throughout the course. The text used is keyed to a set of tapes for use in the language lab and concentrates on practical knowledge of the language. Evaluation is based on classroom performance, homework assignments, tests, and a final exam. Cost:2 WL:4 (Florida)

105. Elementary Hindi-Urdu. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in S&SEA 315. (4). (LR).
South and Southeast Asia 105 is the first term in the sequence of Hindi-Urdu courses offered by the Department of Asian Languages and Cultures. The course meets four hours per week in two sessions. If enrollments warrant, there will be a separate course (S&SEA 315) intended for students who have some knowledge of the spoken language but do not know the writing system. In the first year only the Devanagari writing system (for Hindi) is introduced. Nastaliq (for Urdu) comes in the second year. The course concentrates on developing skills in reading, writing, speaking, and aural comprehension. Evaluation is based on attendance, written homework assignments, quizzes, dictations, and examinations. There are no prerequisites (no previous knowledge of Hindi is required). Cost:2 WL:1 (Hook, Staff)

107. Beginning Tagalog. (4). (LR).
Tagalog is the national language of the Philippines. Elementary Tagalog is a two-term sequence designed to give the student who has little or no knowledge of Tagalog the necessary basis for learning to speak it and to have an acquaintance with the cultural context in which it functions. Tagalog is particularly interesting in the way it has integrated the broad influences of both Spanish and English into its own syntactic and semantic systems. The oral approach is greatly emphasized in the classroom, using questions and answers and short dialogues to develop active use of the language in the most natural way possible. This is complemented by the use of taped lessons in the Language Laboratory. There are frequent short quizzes, a midterm, and a final examination. At the end of the first year, the student should be able to handle brief exchanges in common social situations and to read and write simple Tagalog. For the student specializing in Philippine studies, learning Tagalog is a must. For the student specializing in language studies, a number of linguists of note have found Tagalog structure highly instructive in understanding certain aspects of language. For the student with Philippine affinities, learning Tagalog provides a bond of understanding and for some, a link to one's roots. For the student who has neither a Philippine connection nor a specialist interest in language, learning Tagalog can be rewarding as it provides an experience of new modes of expression and new ways of looking at the world around us and within ourselves. Cost:1 WL:1 (Naylor)

111. Beginning Punjabi. (4). (LR).
This course offers an introduction to spoken and written Panjabi, a major language of northern India and of Pakistan, with some 80 million speakers. It will begin with a concentration on the spoken language, emphasizing oral-aural skills, and introducing the Gurmukhi script. Students will be encouraged to begin basic conversation in class. The written aspects of the language will be introduced through graded readings and written exercises. This course is oriented toward developing a basic practical proficiency in the language. Teaching materials will be drawn from a variety of sources: available reference grammars, textbooks of Panjabi, and instructor-prepared materials. Evaluation of students' performance will be based on daily class work, homework, a midterm, and a final. Cost:1.

COURSES IN ASIAN STUDIES (DIVISION 323)

111/History 151. South Asian Civilization. (4). (HU).
See History 151. (Murphey)

121/History 121. Great Traditions of East Asia. (4). (HU).
See History 121. (Tonomura)

230/Buddhist Studies 230/Phil. 230/Rel. 230. Introduction to Buddhism. (4). (HU).
See Buddhist Studies 230.

COURSES IN ASTRONOMY (DIVISION 326)

INTRODUCTORY COURSES AND COURSES FOR NON-CONCENTRATORS. Astronomy 101/111 discusses our explorations of the solar system. Astronomy 102/112 deals with stars and the rest of the Universe beyond the solar system. Students in Astronomy 101 and 102 attend a weekly discussion section. Students in Astronomy 111 and 112 actively participate in a laboratory which meets in the evening each week. None of these courses is a prerequisite for any of the others. High school mathematics through plane geometry is useful. All students in each course will have opportunities for a planetarium visit and for evening observations with the telescopes mounted on Angell Hall.

101. Introductory Astronomy: The Solar System. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 111, 130, 160, or 221. (4). (NS).
Astronomy 101 students attend the same lectures as Astronomy 111 students (see course description below). (Section 001:Sears; Section 006:Staff)

102. Introductory Astronomy: Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 112, 130, 160, or 222. (4). (NS).
Astronomy 102 students attend the same lectures as Astronomy 112 students (see course description below). Instead of laboratory sections, Astronomy 102 incorporates weekly one-hour discussions and associated homework, which is considered along with examinations and quizzes for course grades. Cost:2 WL:4 (Section 001:MacAlpine; Section 006:Seitzer)

111. Introductory Astronomy: The Solar System. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled 101, 130, 160, or 221. (4). (NS).
This course presents an introduction to the field of astronomy and astrophysics with an emphasis on the discoveries from space exploration. The first third of the course deals with understanding the history of astronomy, orbits, gravitation, optics and the properties of light and matter. The rest of the course explores the properties, origin and evolution of the major planets, asteroids, comets, the Sun and other components of the Solar System with particular emphasis on comparative aspects with respect to the Earth. The origin and formation of the Solar System and the origin of life will also be discussed. This course is intended for non-science concentrators with a basic high school math and science background. Astronomy 111 has a two-hour laboratory section every week. Astronomy 101 has a one-hour discussion section. Course requirements include assigned reading, section meetings, homework, observations, quizzes, midterm and a final examination. Laboratory sections include observations with telescopes. COST:2 WL:4 (Section 001:Sears; Section 005:Staff)

112. Introductory Astronomy: Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 102, 130, 160, or 222. (4). (NS).
This course is intended primarily for non-science concentrators, who wish to understand the phenomena and properties of the universe beyond our solar system. There are no astronomy prerequisites, and a basic high school math background (e.g., not calculus) is sufficient. We will examine the widest possible range of interrelated natural phenomena, from sub-atomic particles to the Universe as a whole. Lectures inventory the different types of stars and examine how red giants, white dwarfs, black holes, supernovae, and people all fit together in one grand, remarkable scheme. The larger picture includes our Milky Way galaxy, less hospitable exploding galaxies, and enigmatic quasars. The present state of knowledge or speculation regarding the origin and ultimate fate of our universe will also receive special attention. It all came from somewhere, but where...and how? Course grades will be derived from scheduled quizzes, a midterm and a final exam, and laboratory exercises. Laboratory sections, which meet for two evening hours each week, will include planetarium demonstrations and observations with telescopes (weather permitting) mounted on Angell Hall. Cost:3 WL:4 (Section 001:MacAlpine; Section 006:Seitzer)

160. Introduction to Astrophysics. Math. 115, and prior or concurrent enrollment in Phys. 140; or permission of instructor. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 102, 112, 130, 221, or 222. (4). (NS).
This course introduces students with some science and math background to methods and concepts of modern astrophysics. Topics: astrophysical processes; modern telescopes and instrumentation; stellar spectra, motions, and atmospheres; stellar interiors and nuclear energy generation; evolution of stars and their planetary systems from birth in giant molecular clouds to deaths as white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes; stellar systems, our Milky Way galaxy; dark matter and interactions in galaxies; the distribution of galaxies and quasars in the Universe; cosmic background radiation and the Big Bang. Problem sets and a weekly two-hour laboratory using telescopes on Angell Hall. Cost:2 WL:3 (Aller)

204/AOSS 204. Introduction to Planetary and Space Science. High school mathematics through plane geometry and trigonometry. (3). (NS).
This course will present the development of space exploration with a concentration on the major scientific breakthroughs resulting from the exploration of the solar system by the U.S. and Soviet spacecraft. The course is intended for non-science majors: high school mathematics through plane geometry and trigonometry is recommended. The emphasis will be on comparative atmospheric phenomena, and the impact its study has had on the understanding of our own (terrestrial) environment. Topics will include the constraints that the environment of space places on the design of space probes, the history of space science in studying the Earth's environment, and the deep-space missions to the other planets and Comet Halley. There will be two one-hour lectures a week, a one-hour discussion section, and two to three hourly exams.

COURSES IN ATMOSPHERIC, OCEANIC AND SPACE SCIENCES (DIVISION 241)

202. The Atmosphere. (3). (NS).
Section 001: The Atmosphere.
Threats to the atmospheric environment will be considered, with special emphasis on global changes that are taking place, or are anticipated. The greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, the ozone holes, and urban air pollution will be discussed from a scientific perspective using the latest information. (Barker)

Section 002: Climate Change and Weather. There is a real possibility that the climate of the 2000's will be dramatically different from today's. The climate change portion of this course investigates what changes are forecast in temperature, precipitation and storminess in the coming century and how climatic and meteorological variability may influence our way of life. Topics include: origins of the atmosphere, natural and unnatural climatic variability, global atmospheric circulation, and the role of air pollution. In the weather portion topics include: the science and art of weather forecasting and photographic and video presentations on severe weather topics including lightning, thunderstorms, tornados and hurricanes. Grades are based on three hourly exams each covering one-third of the material and a final report based on an analysis of either personal weather observations or weather folklore interviews. (Samson)

COURSES IN BIOLOGY (DIVISION 328)

100. Biology for Nonscientists. Not open to those with Advanced Placement or "Departmental" credit in biology, nor to those concentrating in the biological sciences. (4). (NS).
Biology 100 is a one term course designed to introduce students to current biological concepts. The course consists of three hours of lecture per week plus a coordinated discussion session which occupies two hours per week. Biology 100 provides an introduction to some general principles of biology and concentrates on the areas of cell biology, genetics, evolution, and environmental biology. A major objective of this course is to point out to students the nature of the scientific process and illustrate the uses and non-uses of science in contemporary life. Wherever possible, the ethical and social implications of contemporary scientific effort will be discussed.

This course is designed for students with a minimal background in the biological sciences but we do assume some exposure to biology at the high school level. Discussion sections enroll 20 students and are taught by graduate student teaching assistants. In the discussion section, students have the opportunity to review material presented in lecture and participate in discussions of issues raised in the lecture segment. Cost:3 WL:1; you MUST attend the first discussion section to claim your place in the course.

110. Introduction to Global Change I. (4). (NS).
The course will be an introduction to the natural world in which humans live. It will include an introduction to the evolution of the universe, the earth and its environments, and the evolution of living organisms. Consideration will be given to fundamental processes by which organisms grow and reproduce, how they interact with their environments, and the distribution to major groups of organisms on earth. The ecological roles of organisms will be studied at the level of the individual, the population and the community. The causes and consequences of past and present changes in the earth's environment will be discussed on scales from local to global. The course will conclude with a consideration of the causes and consequences of human alterations of the earth's environment with discussion of the implications for the management of the earth and its ecosystems. The course grade will be based on a midterm exam and a final exam, plus successful completion of the required weekly laboratory exercises. There are no prerequisites for this course and no science background is assumed. The course is appropriate for all first year students, irrespective of intended concentration. (Teeri)

152. Introduction to Biology: Term A. Chem. 130 or the equivalent recommended. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 195. (4). (NS).
First term of a two-term introductory sequence (152/154) intended for concentrators in biology, other science programs or preprof studies. Other suitably prepared students wishing detailed coverage of biology are also welcome. The aims of Biology 152/154 are (1) to provide factual and conceptual knowledge, (2) to afford experience in obtaining and interpreting biological hypotheses, (3) to give an integrated overview of modern biology and (4) to develop thinking and writing skills. Topics in Biology 152 are divided among four areas: (a) cellular and molecular biology, (b) genetics, (c) evolution, and (d) ecology. Students MUST: (1) attend 3 lectures and one 3-hour lab/discussion section each week; (2) ATTEND THEIR ASSIGNED LAB/DISC MEETINGS EACH WEEK STARTING WITH THE FIRST WEEK OR THEIR SPACE MAY BE GIVEN TO SOMEONE ON THE WAITING LIST; and (3) RESERVE the times and dates for the midterm and final exams (as specified in the Time Schedule) before enrolling. There will be two midterm exams and a final exam. Students usually purchase a textbook, lab manual and course pack consisting of a syllabus and lecture notes. No other study guides or supplementary materials need be bought. For honors credit, register in lecture 002 of Biology 152 and ANY lab/disc, plus Biology 153 (see below). For further information contact the Biology 152/154 office, 1563 CCL Bldg (764-1430). Cost:3 WL:2, but go to 1563 CCL.

153. Introductory Biology Honors: Term A. Prior or concurrent enrollment in Biology 152 and either admission to the College Honors Program or permission of instructor. (1). (Excl).
Biology 153 is a one-credit discussion course that is meant to be taken concurrently with Biology 152, a four-credit lecture course. The first part of the course will deal with the nature of science and the scientific method. Science will be viewed as an approach to viewing the universe. Subjects that will be covered are the scientific method, hypothesis testing, the roles of logic, creativity, and serendipity in scientific discoveries. From a more practical point of view, the structure of a scientific paper will be analyzed. The topics covered in the second part of the course will vary depending on the instructor. Topics which may be covered are the genetic code and information theory, the revolution of molecular biology, genetic engineering and its ethical and social implications, the evolution of biochemical pathways, the properties of life and the search for life on other planets, the issue of gender, race, and intelligence. Cost:1 WL:2

COURSES IN CHEMISTRY (DIVISION 334)

The Chemistry Department has three types of courses available for students starting out toward careers in any of the sciences, engineering, or medicine. Students are placed into these courses according to the results of the tests in chemistry and mathematics that they take during orientation. In addition there are two distribution course, Chem 101 offered in the Fall Term and Chem 100, in the Winter Term.

For students interested in the sciences, engineering or medicine, either Chem 130 or Chem 210/211 can be their starting point. Students who have had a strong course in high school (which may include AP credit in chemistry) are advised to start in Chem 210 and 211, the laboratory course that accompanies it. Chem 130 is recommended for all other students. Section 400 of Chem 130 is reserved for students who would benefit from a smaller lecture section and more frequent contact with both senior faculty and teaching assistants.

Students who have had little or no laboratory work in high school should plan to elect Chem 125 with Chem 130. Other students electing Chem 130 may postpone laboratory to a subsequent term.

101. The Atom. Math. 105 or equivalent. Not intended for students with extensive background in chemistry or physics. Not open to students with AP credit in chemistry or the equivalent. (4). (NS).
Several of the major challenges to western society combine economic and political questions with technical questions concerning the nature of the atom. These include the occurrence and movement of elements in the environment and production of energy from nuclear processes. In the lecture/discussion periods of this course, which meet three times a week, we will explore in depth some topics centered around the structure and the properties of matter. We will explore how new experimental observations led to new theories about the structure of matter, and how, in turn, theories changed the way we see the world and ourselves. We will also examine issues (such as the disposal of wastes) where political and economic considerations affect scientific activities. Students will get hands-on experience of the processes by which scientific data are collected and evaluated in the laboratory part of the course which meets once a week for three hours. Grades of the course will be based on contributions to class and laboratory discussion, several short quizzes, midterm and final exams, and short papers (3-5 pages). Cost:2 WL:4 (Blinder)

125. General and Inorganic Chemistry: Laboratory. May be elected by students who are eligible for (enrolled in ) Chem. 130. (2). (NS).
This laboratory course can be elected with, or following, Chem 130 or 230. It is intended that students planning to enroll in Chem 130 that have had little or no previous chemistry laboratory enroll concurrently in Chem 125. The focus of this guided inquiry laboratory is to foster critical thinking that allows students to design, perform, and interpret experiments. An emphasis is placed on what constitutes valid data and provides the burden of proof for testing hypotheses and theories. In addition, the student acquires technical skills that are required for further advancement in experimental sciences. Although an ability to collect and analyze data in a quantitative manner is developed, the emphasis of the course is to provide a qualitative understanding of the basic concepts of chemistry. This is accomplished by demonstrating that chemical principles are derived from experimental data. The format of the course is organized into three sections. Pre-laboratory reading and questions are completed prior to the four-hour laboratory. The second component is performance in the laboratory. The third begins in the last hour of the laboratory where individual data are shared, evaluated, and discussed. Students then provide a laboratory report based on the combined data of the section. A one-hour lecture provides support for the topics that are investigated in the the laboratory. Microcomputer simulations also supplement the student's laboratory experience. There are two one-hour written examinations, scheduled for Tuesday evenings, that constitute 25% of the grade. The remaining 75% of the grade is based on the acquired in the laboratory points. Refer to the Time Schedule for examination dates and times. Cost:2 WL:2 (Kerner)

130. General Chemistry: Macroscopic Investigations and Reaction Principles. Three years of high school math or Math. 105; one year of high school chemistry recommended. Placement by testing, or permission of Chemistry department. Intended for students without AP credit in chemistry. No credit granted to those who have completed Chem. 123 or 124. (3). (NS).
This General Chemistry course is intended to fulfill the one term chemistry requirement for students interested in science, or as a natural science elective for non-science concentrators. This course may also be used as the first term in a four or more term chemistry sequence (probably 130, 210/211, 215/216, 340 etc.) for science concentrators and pre-professional students. Chemistry 130 is intended for students without AP credit in Chemistry.

Chemistry 130 provides an introduction to the major concepts of chemistry, including the microscopic picture of atomic and molecular structure, periodic trends in the chemical reactivity, the energetics of chemical reactions and the nature of chemical equilibria. Students will be introduced both to the fundamental principles of modern chemistry, the descriptive chemistry of the elements, and to the underlying theories that account for observed macroscopic behavior. In Chem 130, students will learn to think critically, examine experimental data, and form generalizations about data as chemists do. Chem 130 will meet three times each week in lecture sections with senior faculty (the intensive section will have four lectures a week), and once a week in small group discussion classes led by graduate teaching assistants (the Comprehensive Study Program discussion class will meet three times a week). Lecturers and teaching assistants will have scheduled office hours for after class help, and computerized study aids will be available to all students. Course grades will be determined from discussion class evaluation, 3 one-hour examinations (Tuesday nights) and a final examination. See Time Schedule for examination times and dates.

The intensive lecture section (section 400) is intended for those students who would benefit from a smaller lecture section (maximum 100 students), more lectures so that the pace is slower, and more feedback. Placement by LS&A testing or permission of the the Chemistry Department (Room 2035 Chemistry) is needed for enrollment in this section. The CSP discussion section is intended for those students who would benefit from more group study meetings with a graduate teaching assistant. Permission of the Comprehensive Studies Program is needed for enrollment in this section. Cost:4 WL:2 (Sections 100, 200, 300: Hallada, Gland, and Staff; section 400: Weathers)

210. Structure and Reactivity I. High school chemistry. Placement by examination during Orientation. To be taken with Chem. 211. (4). (NS).
Chemistry 210 is the first course in a two-term sequence in which the major concepts of chemistry are introduced in the context of organic chemistry. Emphasis is on the development of the capacity of students to think about the relationship between structure and reactivity and to solve problems in a qualitatively analytical way. This course is a particularly good first course for students with AP credit in chemistry, Honors students and other students with a strong interest in chemistry and biology. The course has three lectures with the professor and one hour of discussion with a teaching assistant per week. There are three hour examinations (Tuesday nights) and a final examination. See Time Schedule for examination times and dates.

NOTE: This course is linked to Chemistry 211. The recitation sections for Chemistry 210 and the corresponding laboratory sections for Chemistry 211 are listed together in the Time Schedule under Chemistry 210. Students must elect both Chemistry 210 (for 4 credit hours) and Chemistry 211 (for 1 credit hour). Cost:3 WL:2 (Coppola, Ashe, Curtis)

211. Investigations in Chemistry. To be taken with Chem. 210. (1). (NS).
Chemistry 211 is an laboratory introduction to methods of investigation in inorganic and organic chemistry. Students solve individual problems using microscale equipment and a variety of techniques such as thin layer chromatography, titrations, and spectroscopy. The course consists of a four-hour laboratory period with a teaching assistant under the supervision of the professor. Students keep laboratory notebooks, which also serve as laboratory reports. Grades are based on performance in the laboratory and the laboratory notebooks.

NOTE: This course is linked to Chemistry 210. The laboratory sections for Chemistry 211 are listed in the Time Schedule along with the recitations sections for Chemistry 210. Students must elect both Chemistry 210 (for 4 credit hours) and Chemistry 211 (for 1 credit hour). Cost:1 WL:2 (Kleinman, Staff)

215. Structure and Reactivity II. Chem. 210, 211. To be taken with Chem. 216. (3). (NS).
The emphasis on thinking about structure and reactivity started in Chemistry 210 is continued in Chemistry 215, with the student learning to analyze more complicated structures, ultimately being able to understand and predict the reactivity of large molecules of biological importance, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The course has three examinations (Tuesday nights) and a final examination. See Time Schedule for examination times and dates.

NOTE: This course is linked to Chemistry 216. The laboratory sections for Chemistry 216 are listed in the Time Schedule under Chemistry 215. Students must elect both Chemistry 215 (for 3 credit hours) and Chemistry 216 (for 2 credit hour). Cost:1 WL:2 (Wiseman, Ege, and Staff)

216. Synthesis and Characterization of Organic Compounds. Chem. 210, 211. Must be taken with Chem. 215. (2). (NS).
Chemistry 216 builds on the experimental approach started in Chemistry 211. Students participate in planning exactly what they are going to do in the laboratory by being given general goals and directions that have to be adapted to fit the specific project they will be working on. They use microscale equipment, which requires them to develop manual dexterity and care in working in the laboratory. They also evaluate the results of their experiments by checking for identity and purity using various chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Students will be expected to keep a laboratory notebook that will serve as the basis for their laboratory reports.

NOTE: This course is linked to Chemistry 215. The laboratory sections for Chemistry 216 are listed in the Time Schedule under Chemistry 215. Students must elect both Chemistry 215 (for 3 credit hours) and Chemistry 216 (for 2 credit hour). Cost:1 WL:2 (Wiseman, Ege, and Staff)

CLASSICAL STUDIES

The Department of Classical Studies believes that the literature, monuments, and social institutions of the ancient world, together with the reflections of the Greek and Roman thinkers about their own cultures, are of unique value in themselves, well worth our contemplation and understanding; and that as we attempt to learn about and appreciate classical civilization, we necessarily learn as well a variety of contemporary methodologies and disciplines.

The department offers three groups of courses for distribution, those in Classical Civilization (introductory courses that require no knowledge of Greek or Latin), courses in Classical Archaeology, and upper level language courses in Greek and Latin authors or genres. While only a few courses are repeated in yearly or biennial rotation, most courses are offered less regularly. This system guarantees that the instructor approaches the subject each time with fresh impetus. We believe in a healthy change and variation in our course offerings. The undergraduate advisor of the Department of Classical Studies will consider and, if appropriate, authorize other classical civilization, literature, and archaeology courses for distribution credit upon request by students during the first drop/add period each term.

Classical Civilization offerings include the general surveys of Greek and Roman civilizations (CC 101 and 102), which provide (through readings, lectures, and discussions) a broad understanding of the literatures, thought, and social development of ancient Greece and Rome, and thus provide the student with knowledge of and appreciation for our cultural origins, as well as an acquaintance with modern methods for understanding an ancient culture. These courses are taught each year. CC 101 is offered in the Fall and CC 102 is offered in the Winter. Other courses provide understanding of particular aspects of the ancient world, approached from a variety of disciplines and studies - literary, philosophical, historical, sociological, and so on. Some students (particularly those who have already developed special interests in such disciplines) may wish to explore one of these topics without having had a broader introduction.

Classical Archaeology offerings include the broad surveys of the archaeology and monuments of Greece (Cl.Arch 221 - offered in the Fall) and Rome (Cl.Arch 222 - offered in the Winter) and a general introduction to archaeological field methods (Cl.Arch 323). Other courses use the material remains of specific cultures both to introduce students to the diversity of the ancient world and to demonstrate how, through a variety of multi-disciplinary approaches, the archaeological record can be used to reconstruct the life-ways of past societies.

COURSES IN CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY (DIVISION 342)

221/Hist. of Art 221. Introduction to Greek Archaeology. (4). (HU).
This course surveys the history and art of Crete and Greece as revealed by archaeology from the third millennium through the 4th century B.C. In the prehistoric period, particular attention is given to architectural and ceramic developments as well as to the crosscurrent of trade and economic contacts among Asia Minor, Crete, and mainland Greece. Emphasis is also given to the impact archaeology has had on views and theories of history: the destructions of the civilizations of Crete and Troy, the end of the bronze age, the volcanic eruption of Thera. In the historic period, major artistic developments in architecture, sculpture, and painting are considered and special attention is given to social interpretations: temples as banks and monasteries; sculpture as dedication, decoration, and commemorative propaganda; architectural sculpture as realized myth. Discussions in the sections will concentrate on the historical background, archaeological field techniques, methods of dating and stratigraphy. The sections will meet in the Kelsey museum where it will be possible to work with the actual ancient artifacts recovered in University of Michigan excavations. There are two one-hour examinations and a final, as well as illustrated lectures and assigned readings. Cost:2/3 WL:1 (Herbert)

CLASSICAL GREEK (DIVISION 385)

Elementary Courses

101. Elementary Greek. (4). (LR).
In combination with Greek 102, this is the first half of a year-long introduction to ancient Greek and is designed to prepare students for the reading of Greek texts. Greek 101 concentrates on fifth-century B.C. Attic Greek which was the language of the "golden age" of Athens. The Greek language of that time and place represents a cultural and linguistic central point from which students can pursue their own interests within a wide range of Greek literature which extends from the Homeric epics to the Byzantine era and which includes the archaic, classical, and hellenistic periods as well as the KOINE Greek of the New Testament. The purpose of the course is to develop the fundamentals of the language so that these fundamentals can then be applied to whatever area of ancient Greek students wish to pursue. Cost:2 WL:1 (Porter)

MODERN GREEK (DIVISION 433)

101. Elementary Modern Greek. (4). (LR).
An introductory course in language with special emphasis on developing speaking skills. Most of the classroom time is spent on drills and on elementary dialogues among the students and between the students and the instructor. A creative approach to language learning is followed, whereby the class simulates everyday life situations and the students are asked to improvise responses to those situations. Instruction also focuses on elementary grammar and syntax. Homework involves preparation for the dialogues and drills. Additional exercises - at home and in the classroom - include descriptions of objects and contexts, problem-solving, interviews among students, and conversion of dialogues into narratives. (Van Dyke)

LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (DIVISION 411)

Elementary Courses

Two convictions are basic to the Elementary Latin Program of the Department of Classical Studies: (1) it is possible for every able-minded person to master the basic facts of a foreign language and (2) the learning experience leading to such a mastery is a privilege that is very specifically human and ought to be most satisfying. Essential facts of morphology, syntax, semantics, vocabulary, history and culture are taught, and a knowledge of these facts enables students to understand Latin written by the famous authors of the Golden Age. Since at least 50% of the vocabulary of an educated speaker of English is Latin in origin, English vocabulary improves as Latin stems and derivatives are learned. The program normally takes four terms to complete. A placement test may be taken at the beginning or end of a term, and a student may succeed in placing out of one or more courses in the introductory sequence.

In the Elementary Latin Program, the department is offering Latin 101, 102, 193, 231, and 232. Latin 101 (see below) is for students with little or no previous Latin. A placement examination will determine the appropriate course for other students who enter the elementary sequence. Students with questions about which course to elect are encouraged to visit the department office in 2016 Angell Hall, 764-0360, or contact Professor Knudsvig in 2012 Angell Hall, 764-8297.

101. Elementary Latin. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 103, 193, or 502. (4). (LR).
All of the assigned tasks/exercises in Latin 101 are directed toward the reading and translation of Classical Latin and not toward writing or conversation. The course has as its primary objective the acquisition of a fundamental understanding of basic Latin grammar. The text for the course is Knudsvig, Seligson, and Craig, LATIN FOR READING. Latin 101 covers approximately the first half of the text. Grading is based on quizzes, class participation, hour examinations, and a final. Cost:1 WL:3

102. Elementary Latin. Latin 101. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 193 or 502. (4). (LR).
All of the assigned tasks/exercises in Latin 102 are directed toward the reading and translation of Classical Latin and not toward writing or conversation. The course continues the presentation of the essentials of the Latin language as it covers the last half of Knudsvig, Seligson, and Craig, LATIN FOR READING. Extended reading selections from Plautus (comedy) and Eutropius (history) are introduced. Grading is based on class participation, quizzes, hour examinations, and a final. Cost:1 WL:3

193. Intensive Elementary Latin I. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 101, 102, 103 or 502. (4). (Excl).
This course is a rapid introduction to Latin and is intended for students with little or no prior Latin. Upperclass undergraduates in such fields as history, medieval or renaissance literature, or linguistics and who need to acquire a reading competence in Latin as quickly and as efficiently as possible should elect this course. So should other undergraduates who intend to continue the study of Latin and want a rapid introduction that enables them to take upper-level Latin courses as soon as possible. This first term course covers elementary grammar and syntax. Cost:1 WL:1

231. Introduction to Latin Prose. Latin 102 or 103. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 194, 222, or 503. (4). (LR).
This course reviews grammar as it introduces students to extended passages of classical Latin prose through selections from such authors of the first centuries B.C. and A.D. as Caesar and Livy. Class discussions center upon the readings. Grading is based on class participation, quizzes, hour examinations, and a final. Cost:1 WL:3

232. Vergil, Aeneid. Latin 231 or 221. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 194, 222, or 503. (4). (LR).
SECTIONS 001 and 003.
The goal of this course is simple: to learn to read extensive passages of Vergil's Aeneid, with comprehension and enjoyment. Careful attention is paid to Vergil's style, the more common poetic features he employs, mythological references, and the relation of the text to the life and time of the Emperor Augustus. Quizzes, hour exams, a two-hour final, and regular participation in class will determine the course grade; there are no papers. Cost:2 WL:1

SECTION 002. The goal of this course is simple: to read extensive passages of Vergil's Aeneid with comprehension and enjoyment. To the degree that there is mastery of the paradigm forms and the principal parts of the most common irregular verbs, the daily assignments will be made easier. Careful attention is paid to Vergil's style, the more common poetic features he employs, mythological references, and the relation of the text to the life and times of the Emperor Augustus. Three hour exams, a two-hour final, and regular participation in class will determine the course grade; there are no papers. In-class translation is followed by a discussion of the text under consideration that day. (Nissen)

Intermediate Courses

301. Intermediate Latin I. Latin 194, 222, 232 or equivalent. (3). (HU).
The primary goal of this course is to serve as an introduction to the study of Latin literature, and, through the literature, of Roman culture. Texts by major poets and prose authors will be read with a view to their literary, historical, and political contexts. Translation, and review of morphology and syntax as needed, will be stressed. There will be quizzes, a midterm, and final exam. Cost:2 WL:3,4 (Garbrah)

CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION (DIVISION 344)

101. Classical Civilization I: The Ancient Greek World (in English). No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Great Books 191 or 201. (4). (HU).
This course serves as an introduction to the civilization of ancient Greece from its beginnings to the Hellenistic age. All reading is in English translation. Lectures will trace the development of Greek literature and thought within the context of Greek society. Literature read includes THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY of Homer; selected lyric poetry; selected tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides; selected comedies of Aristophanes; selections from the historians Herodotus and Thucydides; and philosophical writings of Plato. The readings average about 90 pages per week. There will be a midterm, two brief papers, and a final examination. Freshmen Honors students in Honors sections will write enough to meet the Introductory Composition requirement. This course is the first of a two-term series. Classical Civilization 102 is offered in the Winter Term and represents an equivalent treatment of the civilization of ancient Rome. It is recommended that the course be taken as a sequence, but it is not required. Cost:3 WL:4 (Scodel)

205. The Hero in Greece and Rome. (3). (Excl).
We will consider the changing figure of the Hero in Greek and Roman literature. We will begin with heroism in a heroic society as represented in the Homeric epics and its transformation into the tragic heroism of Greek drama (selected plays). We will then observe the domestication of the hero and the erotic hero of Alexandrian literature (Theocritus, Apollonius) and conclude with further transformations of the hero at Rome (Vergil's Aeneid, the novels of Petronius and Apuleius). Throughout the course we will be trying to understand how aspirations of greatness can be represented and what ideals the hero can stand for, even when a society (perhaps as our own) is losing or has lost its ability to believe or trust in human greatness. There will be two short papers (4-5 pages) and a final exam. Cost:3 WL:4 (Ross)

COURSES IN COMMUNICATION (DIVISION 352)

100. Public Speaking. Not open to seniors. (3). (Excl).
This course focuses on helping students to develop effective public and interpersonal communication skills. Students will be exposed to basic theories of interpersonal communication and models of effective communication. Students will have opportunity to develop their public speaking and interpersonal communication skill through a variety of structured class experiences. The skills addressed in this course will include public speaking, listening, small group communication, giving feedback, conflict resolution, and communication in close relationships. Approximately half of the course will be devoted to public speaking and half to interpersonal communication. You must be present the first two class meetings to hold your spot. Cost:2 WL:1

103. Introduction to Mass Communication. Not open to seniors. (4). (SS).
Providing an introduction to mass communication, this course examines the history and current processes involved in the creation of media products as part of American culture. The course investigates tensions between "high" and popular cultures, between print ad electronic media, and between modernism and postmodernism. The course analyzes political, economic, social and moral factors confronting television, radio, movies, news, advertising, public relations, book publishing, magazines, music videos and sound recording. Three lectures or viewings per week plus one discussion section. Three or four short writing projects required with emphasis on critical analysis of media. Two exams. WL:1 (Campbell)

COURSES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE (DIVISION 353)

183(283)/EECS 183. Elementary Programming Concepts. (4). (NS).
This is an introductory course for students who do not necessarily plan to concentrate in engineering or computer science. It is designed to give them a good fundamental knowledge of programming in a high-level language. Introduction to a high-level programming language, top-down analysis, and structured programming. Basic searching and sorting techniques. No previous experience in computing or programming is assumed. Students will write and debug several computer programs. Computer Usage: five or six assignments are given, each requiring the student to write and debug a program on a mainframe computer. (WL:1)

280/EECS 280. Programming and Introductory Data Structures. Math. 115 and (CS 183 or 284 or Engineering 104, or by placement test in PASCAL). (4). (NS).
The goals of this course include concepts of information representation, algorithms, processes and processors, syntax, semantics, and grammar. Students learn the basics of programming style, debugging, error control, computational correctness, and program verification. Prerequisites include advanced algebra and first term calculus, and computer literacy (knowledge of Pascal). Topics include techniques of algorithm development and effective programming in Pascal and in the C language, top-down analysis, structured programming, testing and program correctness. Program language syntax and static and run-time semantics. Scope, procedure instantiation, recursion, abstract data types, and parameter passing methods. Structured data types, pointers, linked data structures, stacks, queues, arrays, records, and trees. Cost:2 WL:1

COURSES IN ECONOMICS (DIVISION 358)

201. Principles of Economics I. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 400. (4). (SS).
Economics 201 concentrates on the microeconomics of the modern economy: how prices and quantities of goods and services are determined under competitive conditions as well as in other types of markets; the distribution of income and wealth; the public sector; and related topics of current interest. The course format consists of three one-hour lectures per week (either Section 100, 200, 300) taught by the professor and one and a half hours of discussion per week (Section 101-113, 201-212, 301-312) taught by a teaching assistant. Grades are based largely on course-wide hour tests and the final exam, but there will be homework and/or quizzes in the sections. Economics 201 is the first part of the two-term introduction to economics. Both 201 and 202 are required as prerequisites to the concentration and to upper level courses in economics. Cost:2 WL:None. For information about overrides, call Lynette McAdoo at 763-9242. (Section 100: Laitner; Section 200: Laitner.

COURSES IN ENGLISH COMPOSITION BOARD (DIVISION 360)

Placement in ECB Freshman Writing Practicum or Transfer Writing Practicum is determined by the ECB Writing Assessment Test given during orientation to all entering LS&A students and all students required by their program. After the test, the ECB notifies academic units of their students' placements, and the academic unit counselors convey the information to the students. Freshpersons may receive the following placements: ECB Freshman Writing Practicum, Introductory Composition, Introductory Composition with Writing Workshop, Exempt with Writing Workshop or Exemption. Transfer students receive placements of Transfer Writing Practicum, English 220, Exemption with Writing Workshop, or Exemption. A transfer student may enroll in a Transfer Practicum only if that is his/her placement.

Those students placed in ECB practicums must enroll in an ECB course as the first part of their writing requirement. No substitute for the ECB placement will satisfy the College writing requirement.

ECB Practicum courses meet for 2 hours twice a week: in addition each student has a required weekly half hour conference with the instructor. To enroll in the ECB course, students should select a section compatible with their schedule from the LS&A TIME SCHEDULE, from updated course lists at department counseling offices, or from the corrected LS&A TIME SCHEDULE outside 1213 Angell Hall. Students should register for their selected section at CRISP.

Any student who fails to attend the first class meeting and has not notified the instructor or department in writing may be dropped from the class by action of the instructor or department. At the same time, students are responsible for their own schedules and must process all drops through CRISP.

Students who receive the placement of Exemption with Writing Workshop come to the ECB Writing Workshop, 1025 Angell Hall, during their first term of enrollment to receive writing instruction before being certified for Exemption. No student with a Mandatory Writing Workshop placement may graduate without certification.

Students are welcome to visit the ECB office at 1025 Angell Hall to discuss their writing assessment test or to ask for course information.

See the introduction to this COURSE GUIDE for information about the LS&A Junior/Senior Writing Requirement and for a list of those courses approved by the ECB for satisfaction of that requirement.

100. Writing Practicum. ECB Assessment. (2). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit. (TUTORIAL). May be elected for a total of four credits for any combination of ECB 100-105.
ECB Freshman Writing Practicum 100 is a two credit course offered September 10 to October 26. Students place into Freshman Writing Practicum on the basis of their assessment essay. Each section of ECB 100 has a maximum enrollment of 16. Students meet with their instructor four hours each week in class and once a week in half-hour individual sessions. The writing instruction is designed to meet individual needs. At the end of the Practicum, each student prepares a portfolio of his/her writing and a post test essay which are read and evaluated by two ECB lecturers. On the basis of writing skills demonstrated in the portfolio and the post test, Practicum students are assigned to the appropriate level of the College writing program. NOTE: A few sections of ECB 100 are linked to specific content-area courses. These sections meet two hours per week for the full term.

101. Writing Practicum. ECB Assessment. (2). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit. (TUTORIAL). May be elected for a total of four credits for any combination of ECB 100-105.
ECB 101 is offered October 29 to December 11. For description, see ECB 100.

COURSES IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (DIVISION 361)

For all English classes, registered students must be present at each of the first two meetings to claim their places. Any student who does not meet this requirement may be dropped from the course. NOTE: If you must miss a class due to religious observances, contact the instructor or leave a message for the instructor with the department (764-6330).

Introductory Composition (English 124 and 125):

The purpose of these courses is to develop student writing skills so that they are optimally flexible, powerful, and precise, answerable to the challenges of analysis, persuasion and (self-) expression characteristic of college writing.

Sections of English 124 and 125 are limited to approximately 22 students each. Students may elect either course to fulfill the College's Introductory Composition requirement. In order to qualify for these courses, students must show readiness by appropriate achievement on the ECB writing assessment.

124. College Writing: Writing and Literature. ECB writing assessment. (4). (Introductory Composition).
By connecting the two terms of its title, Writing and Literature aims to help prepare the student to produce the range and quality of expository prose expected in college courses. Works of literature will be considered for their effective use of language and argument. They will serve as reference points for thinking and writing strategies. Characteristically, sections of English 124 will involve the writing of a minimum of six essays, with considerable attention given to the preparation of drafts and to revision. The literary works which will serve as points of reference will vary from section to section and from term to term.

Course descriptions for individual sections will be available after March 27 in 224 Angell Hall.

125. College Writing. ECB writing assessment. (4). (Introductory Composition).
Like English 124 (Writing and Literature), English 125 (College Writing) prepares students for the various kinds of academic writing required of them as undergraduates at the University of Michigan. In addition to informal exercises or impromptu essays, students can expect to write six or more formal papers exemplifying the various modes of discourse which comprise our academic community.

Individual course descriptions will be available for reference in 224 Angell Hall after March 27. For all English classes, registered students must be present at each of the first two class meetings to claim their places. Any student who does not meet this requirement may be dropped from the course.

230. Introduction to Short Story and Novel. (3). (HU).
Rather than a comprehensive survey of the short story and novel, this course offers an introduction to the basic techniques of analyzing prose fiction. Beginning with short stories, students learn to define questions of narrative construction, voice, characterization, theme, and style. As critical facility increases, the course will consider more challenging and in some cases experimental fiction. At least three novels will be read in addition to numerous short stories. Students should expect to read substantial amounts of fiction, to participate in class discussions, and to write several short literary analyses. Descriptions of all sections will be available after March 27 in 224 Angell Hall.

245/Res. College Hums. 280/Theatre 211. Introduction to Drama and Theatre. (4). (HU).
See Theatre 211. (Walsh, Brown)

COURSES IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (DIVISION 366)

The Environmental Studies Program is designed to complement a student's training in a particular academic discipline. Although the name "Environmental Studies" suggests that the Program is limited to the study of the environment, the Environmental Studies Program emphasizes courses concerned with HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONS. The Program is not a concentration program although a student may emphasize environmental studies in the LS&A Individual Concentration Program (ICP).

The program offers Environmental Studies 320 as its introductory course. This course introduces students to the wide range of disciplines in the College and University which relate to environmental issues. Second-level courses provide a variety of perspectives from which to view and analyze areas of environmental concern. Since the spectrum of courses offered at this level varies from year to year, students should consult the Time Schedule for current information. Third-level courses include Environmental Studies 420 and 421. They enable students versed in environmental studies to focus on a particular issue. The student is responsible for defining a plan of study, enlisting others with similar interests (if appropriate), and locating a faculty member willing to supervise. In addition to the multidisciplinary approach to the study of human-environment relations reflected in these courses, the Program offers a number of cross-listed courses which analyze humans and the environment from the perspective of a given discipline.

320. Introduction to Environmental Studies. (4). (Excl).
This course provides a broad overview of environmental issues. Its approach is both multi- and inter-disciplinary, with lectures given by a wide range of specialists each addressing a specific environmental topic from the vantage point of their own area of expertise. The lectures come from different departments within the University, thus providing the student with a variety of perspectives. There is no set format; however, the class usually consists of lectures, slide presentations or films that last about an hour, followed by questions and discussion. There will always be an opportunity to challenge and question the guest lecturers and the student is encouraged to do so. Topics range from cultural attitudes towards the natural environment to the environmental influences on human health, from the physical characteristics of oceans to the utilization of various sources of energy. Weekly discussion sessions with T.A.s provide further opportunity to examine these environmental issues and attitudes and, to explore possible solutions. Students will be required to keep logs of lectures and course-related readings of their own selection. The logs will be handed in periodically for comment and grading. The logs and additional written assignments and a project constitute materials to be graded.

360/Geology 280. Mineral Resources, Politics, and the Environment. May not be included in a concentration plan in geology. (3). (NS).
See Geology 280. (Kesler)

COURSES IN FILM AND VIDEO STUDIES (DIVISION 368)

236/RC Hums. 236. The Art of the Film. (4). (HU).
See Residential College Humanities 236. (Cohen)

COURSES IN GEOGRAPHY (DIVISION 374)

101. Introduction to Geography. (4). (SS).
This course introduces modern geography to students who have no previous knowledge of the subject and demonstrates how a geographic point of view can enhance an understanding of world regions and environments as well as the implementation of successful urban and regional planning. To do this, social and physical systems and the interaction between them are discussed in terms of their spatial attributes. The course thus defines geography as the study of human-environment systems from the viewpoint of spatial relationships and spatial processes. Lectures begin with a consideration of the city and introduce students to increasingly complex spatial models which represent geography's special contribution to the social and physical sciences. The basic premise is that the spatial insights provided apply not only cross-culturally to human systems, but also, with appropriate modifications, to those in nature. The course analyzes how human and natural systems in combination create geographic regions which sustain humankind. Two one-hour examinations plus a final; three lectures and one recitation section each week. Cost:2 WL:4 (Kolars)

201/Geology 201. Introductory Geography: Water, Climate, and Mankind. (4). (NS).
See Geological Sciences 201. (Zachos)

COURSES IN GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (DIVISION 377)

A. Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators

G.S. 100-115 are short (half-term) courses. They consist of detailed examinations of restricted geologic topics. The department lists the specific courses from this series in the Time Schedule for the terms they are offered (fall and winter terms only). Each course, when offered, meets twice weekly for half of the term (first half or second half), and the specific dates for each course are printed in the Time Schedule. These courses are designed primarily for students with no prior geologic training and they are open to all interested persons. G.S. 100-115 are offered on the graded pattern (optional pass/fail).

103. Dinosaurs and Other Failures. (1). (NS).
This course will provide an introduction to our current understanding of dinosaurs and certain other reptilian groups of the Mesozoic Era. It is intended for students with an interest in geology, paleontology, or evolution, but does not require prior training in these fields. The course will deal with broad features of the evolutionary history of dinosaurs, methods of reconstructing dinosaur behavior and ecology, new developments in our interpretation of the biology of dinosaurs, and possible causes for the extinction of dinosaurs. There will be two lectures each week and a single exam at the end of the course. Cost:1 WL:3 or 4 (Cox)

104. Ice Ages, Past and Future. (1). (NS).
This course looks at the effects of present and past glaciations on the landscape and on life, humans in particular. Glaciers are examined as dynamic, climatically controlled systems of moving ice. Climatic and environmental changes concurrent with glaciation, in both continental and oceanic realms, are reviewed. The causes of the ice ages that have dominated the Earth for the past two million years and predictions of future ice ages are examined in the light of current geological and climatic research. The course consists of lectures, one hour exam, and one final exam. Cost: WL:4 (Farrand)

107. Volcanoes and Earthquakes. (1). (NS).
The course is a study of the earth in action and includes the following topics: geography of earthquakes and volcanoes; catastrophic events in historic times; size and frequency of occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions; the products of volcanism; volcanic rocks; volcanic activity through geologic time; volcanic exhalations and the evolution of the earth's atmosphere and oceans; relationship of earthquakes and volcanoes to plate tectonics and the internal dynamics of the earth; volcanism and geothermal energy; manmade earthquakes; and earthquake prediction and control. Instruction by lecture, evaluation on basis of final exam. (Pollack)

110. The History of the Oceans. (1). (NS).
The history of past oceanic inhabitants, events, and environments is recorded in the sediments which have accumulated on the ocean bottom throughout geological time. Fossils of marine plants and animals are a major part of the historical record; they give evidence of past oceanic living conditions and the evolution of life forms in the sea. Sediment particles eroded from land and carried to the oceans by rivers and winds provide insights into past climates on continents. Changes in ocean currents and in seawater chemistry have left their mark on the sediment record; the possible causes of these changes are explored. Plate tectonics and seafloor spreading have rearranged the shapes of ocean basins and repositioned continents over time. These processes are reflected in the record in marine sediments still present on the ocean floor and also in those now uplifted to form part of the continents. These topics are presented in lectures held twice weekly for a half term. A single exam at the end of the course will determine the course grade. Cost:1 WL:4 (Rea)

111. Climate and Mankind. (1). (NS).
The intent of GS 111 is to give a heightened awareness to students of the nature and fragility of the Earth's climate, and how changes in climate have affected past civilizations and may affect our future. Course topics will include: a description of the climate systems of the Earth, the atmosphere, oceans and polar ice caps; the information we gather to understand the history of those systems; how changes in climate have affected past civilizations, and what may happen to the planet if the predicted "Greenhouse Effect - Global Warming" finally arrives. Cost:1 WL:4 (O'Neil)

113. Planets and Moons. No credit granted to those with credit for GS 278. (1). (NS).
"Planets and Moons" is a survey of the geology of the "solid" bodies of the solar system as revealed by both the manned exploration of our own moon and unmanned, "robotic," exploration of the inner planets and moons of the outer planets. The course will not only provide qualitative description of planetary surfaces as revealed by photographic reconnaissance, but will also provide physical explanations of what we see in terms of external cratering processing and internal dynamic processes. Exploration of the planets reveals that impact cratering is the single most pervasive process in the solar system. Particular emphasis will be placed on why the various bodies have such different morphologies, especially why they are so different from the Earth. Nevertheless, planetary exploration does provide the framework to understand our own Earth better, especially the first billion years of terrestrial evolution. Instruction by lecture; evaluation by means of final exam. Cost:2 (Section 001: Pollack; Section 002: Gurnis)

115. Geologic Time. (1). (NS).
Until the middle of the 18th century the Earth was generally thought to be less than 10,000 years old, and according to many, close to its apocolyptic end. We now know that the Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago and that the entire history of mankind is nothing but the latest tiny fraction of Earth history. This course explains the formation of rocks, continental drift, volcanoes and earthquakes. It will discuss the discovery of time from the Renaissance to the latest high tech developments in radioactive dating. Finally, the history of planet Earth will be described including its accretion out of dust and giant impacts, the origin of the Moon, the formation of the atmosphere and oceans, the development of life and the building of continents. The course will draw upon examples meaningful to the student to illustrate the principles. Lectures twice weekly for half the term. Course pack provides most of the diagrams. A final one hour examination. Cost:1 WL:3/4 (Mukasa)

117. Introduction to Geology. Credit is not granted for G.S. 117 to those with credit for an introductory course in geology. (5). (NS).
A basic single-term course in introductory geology concentrating on the Evolution of the Earth in physical and chemical terms with particular reference to modern plate tectonic theory. Reference to the interaction of the external biosphere-atmosphere-hydrosphere with the Earth's interior is an essential component of the course. The laboratory provides a practical study of minerals, rocks and geologic maps. One hour each week is scheduled for review and discussion of topics covered in class. Lectures, laboratory and discussion. Cost:2 WL:4 (Kesler and Lohmann)

119. Introductory Geology Lectures. Credit is not granted for G.S. 119 to those with credit for an introductory course in geology. (4). (NS).
This course consists of lectures shared with Geology 117 but does not include the laboratory section. A separate discussion section is also scheduled to insure continuity with class material and student-teacher contact. Students interested in ONE-TERM laboratory introductory science course should elect Geology 117. Lectures and discussion. Cost:2 WL:4 (Kesler and Lohmann)

135. History of the Earth. High school chemistry, physics and mathematics recommended. (3). (NS).
This course provides a broad and fundamental introduction to the earth and explains the formation of rocks and the major geological features, as well as the changes that have occurred over the 4.5 billion years of earth history. The course is intended for students considering a Geological Sciences concentration, as well as for students interested in studying earth sciences as part of their general educational background. Topics include minerals and the formation of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, fossils and the evolution of life, the interior of the earth, the measurement of time, continental drift, and the effect of the earth's atmosphere, climate, oceans and rivers on shaping the surface of the earth. The history of the planet will be followed from earth's accretion from dust, origin of life, through building of the current continents and ocean basins, to the origin of humankind. Lectures three times a week for the full term. Textbook required: Earth: Then and Now by C.W. Montgomery and D. Dathe, (W.C. Brown, publ). Evaluation will be based on two exams. Cost:2 WL:3/4 (Halliday)

201/Geography 201. Introductory Geography: Water, Climate, and Mankind. (4). (NS).
This course is a basic introduction to the field of physical geography and emphasizes many topics including maps, seasons, time, the atmosphere, greenhouse gasses, radiation and heat balance, the dangers of global warming, circulation, moisture and precipitation, air masses (fronts), and water supply. Students also study climate classification, and historical changes in global climate. Students in this lecture-lab course are evaluated by midterm and final examinations with satisfactory completion of the lab work a prerequisite to the final course evaluation. Cost:4 WL:3 (Zachos)

205. How the Earth Works: the Dynamic Planet. (2). (NS).
The dynamic Earth has given us oceans, continents and an atmosphere. Its continuing activity is manifested today by the destructive powers of such natural phenomena as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and mountain building. The unifying concept of plate tectonics contains the clue to the shape and changes in the physical environment of the Earth from its initial formation to today. Our goal is to present a fully integrated approach to the evolving Earth's unique features in our solar system and explain its physical and chemical principles using conceptual and factual material. Extensive use is made of videos, slides and classroom demonstrations. Two lectures/week; evaluation based on midterm and final exam. No special background required. Course reading: Earth's Dynamic Systems by W.K. Hamblin and a course pack. This course can be taken singly or concurrently with its companion course (GS 206); together they constitute a balanced introduction to modern earth sciences. Cost:2 WL:1 (van der Pluijm and Lange)

206. How the Earth Works: the Water Cycle and Environment. (2). (NS).
This course describes behavior of earth materials in the surficial environment. Water is the main transport agent in the geological cycle; it's unique properties and exchange rates among oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwater are one focus. Interaction between water reservoirs and physical and chemical weathering of soils, sediments and rocks also are discussed. Impact of humans on the surficial environment is a unifying theme because we can affect hydrologic and geochemical cycles. No special background required. Two lectures and one optional discussion session per week. Several field sessions are planned to collect water and sediment samples for follow-up lab analyses. Evaluation based on three exams and participation. Readings include The Global Water Cycle: Geochemistry and Environment (Berner and Berner) and a course pack. This course, and its companion course (GS 205), may be taken singly or concurrently and together constitute a balanced introduction to modern earth science. Cost:2 WL:2 (L. Walter)

222. Introductory Oceanography. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in AOSS 203. (3). (NS).
This course introduces students to the scientific study of the oceans. Contents include the shape, structure, and origin of the ocean basins; the sedimentary record of oceanic life and conditions in the past; the composition of seawater and its influence on life and climate; waves and currents; the life of the oceans and how it depends upon the marine environment; the resources of the ocean and their wise use by society. The course format consists of lectures and readings from an assigned textbook. The course grade will be based on three one-hour exams and a two-hour final exam. Cost:2 WL:4 (Meyers)

223. Introductory Oceanography, Laboratory. Concurrent enrollment in G.S. 222. (1). (NS).
This course is an optional laboratory intended to provide students with opportunities to explore further various oceanography topics presented in the G.S. 222 lectures. Laboratory sessions will include sampling procedures, use of equipment, discussions, and demonstrations of how data are generated. The course grade will be based on written laboratory exercises and a final exam. Cost:1 WL:4 (Meyers)

275. The Ice Ages: Past and Present. (3). (NS).
Characteristics of the Earth's climate system and how various components of that system operate to produce times when extensive ice sheets covered large parts of the Earth's surface. The role in climate change of the oceans, the atmosphere, the ice sheets themselves, orbital variations, and the movement of the continental and ocean boundaries are presented and discussed. Cost:1 WL:1 (Moore)

276. Coastal Systems and Human Settlements. (3). (NS).
Coastal Systems and Human Settlements
is a freshman-level, seminar-format course directed toward an introduction to the importance of natural processes in and consequences of human development along various coastal settings. Study of the ramifications of short-term settlement in areas of long-term subsidence and/or coastal erosion will be used as a means to better comprehend the various repercussions of human interaction with natural systems. In a small class setting the course will introduce students to those geologic processes which have given rise to coastlines of the world, will establish a basis for understanding why these regions have been in a state of rapid change for thousands of years, will examine the reasons why human modification of coasts and adjacent rivers has commonly exacerbated this situation, and will explore the ramifications of anticipated global warming and attendant global sea level rise in the coming decades. (Wilkinson)

280/Environ. Stud. 360. Mineral Resources, Politics, and the Environment. May not be included in a concentration plan in geology. (3). (NS).
Geology 280 deals with mineral resource-related problems in a complex society. The course discusses the origin, distribution and remaining supplies of oil, coal, uranium, iron, copper, gold, diamonds, potash, sulfur, gravel, water, and other important mineral resources in terms of the economic, engineering, political and environmental factors that govern their recovery, processing and use. Among topics considered are the origin of oil, mineral exploration methods, strip mining, recycling, smelting methods, transport of oil, money and gold, nuclear waste disposal, and taxation vs. corporate profits. Three lectures per week. Evaluation by means of quizzes, exercises, and a final exam. No previous background in geology or related sciences is necessary for this course. This course cannot be used as part of a concentration plan in Geological Sciences. Cost:2 WL:4 (Kesler)

B. Primarily for Concentrators

231. Elements of Mineralogy. Prior or concurrent enrollment in Chemistry 125/130 or 210/211. (4). (Excl).
This course is a comprehensive introduction to the nature, properties, structures, and modes of occurrence of minerals. The first three-fourths of the course (three lectures per week) considers the general features of minerals and includes topics such as introductory crystallography, crystal chemistry, and introductory phase equilibria. During the last portion of the course, the principal rock-forming minerals such as feldspars, proxenes, and olivines are individually reviewed with respect to properties, structures, genesis, and other characteristics. The laboratory (one three-hour laboratory each week) is divided into three sections: (1) three weeks of morphological crystallography plus x-ray diffraction, (2) six weeks of systematic mineralogy during which students become familiar with the properties and associations of approximately seventy-five significant minerals, and (3) four weeks of introduction to the use of the polarizing microscope as applied to both crushed mineral fragments and rock thin sections. There is one required field trip. Optical mineralogy is covered in a separate recitation. Geology 231 is a prerequisite to the professional concentration program in the Dept of Geological Sciences. Cost:3 WL:3 (Peacor)

GERMANIC LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES

COURSES IN DUTCH (DIVISION 357)

111. First Special Speaking and Reading Course. (4). (LR).
This course provides the student with the basics of the Dutch language. We mainly use the monolingual course-book LEVEND NEDERLANDS (LIVING DUTCH) and each lesson from the book will consist of everyday conversation, a grammatical explanation, exercises, a coherent word list, questions about the conversation, discussion, and homework. To enliven the class the teacher will provide the students with songs, newspaper articles, comics, etc. Films and video will be used where possible. Books: LEVEND NEDERLANDS, Cambridge University Press, New York; W. Z. Shetter, INTRODUCTION TO DUTCH, Nijhoff, The Hague; Bruce Donaldson, A DUTCH VOCABULARY, AE Press, Melbourne, 1985. J. Hulstijn, M. Hannay, An ENGLISH SELF-STUDY SUPPLEMENT TO LEVEND NEDERLANDS, Amsterdam, 1981. Also recommended: B.C. Donaldson, DUTCH REFERENCE GRAMMAR, The Hague, Nijhoff, 1981. Cost:2 WL:3 (Broos)

GERMAN COURSES (DIVISION 379)

101. Elementary Course. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 100. (4). (LR).
First course of a two-term sequence in elementary German. The first-year program is designed to develop the ability to understand and speak "everyday German," to develop reading and writing skills, and to get to know the German-speaking world through discussions and readings. Ample opportunity is provided to develop conversational skills in a wide variety of situations encountered in German-speaking cultures. Additional time outside of class is required to listen to cassettes, to watch videos, to work on the computer, to read, and to study the structure of the German language. There are chapter tests and a final. The language of instruction is German. Cost:3 WL:2

102. Elementary Course. German 101 or the equivalent. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 100 or 103. (4). (LR).
Second course of a two-term sequence in elementary German. See German 101 for a general description. Cost:3 WL:2

103. Review of Elementary German. Assignment by placement test or permission of department. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 100 or 102. (4). (LR).
Course for students who have had two to three years of high school German or one or more terms of college German - not at the University of Michigan - but who are not yet at second-year performance level. This course is designed to develop the ability to understand and speak "everyday German," to develop reading and writing skills, and to get to know the German-speaking world through discussions and readings. Ample opportunity is provided to develop conversational skills in a wide variety of situations encountered in German-speaking cultures. Additional time outside of class is required to listen to cassettes, to watch videos, to work on the computer, to read, and to study the structure of the German language. There are three major tests and a final. These sections meet FIVE times per week. Students may enroll in 231 upon satisfactory completion of this course. The language of instruction is German. Cost:3 WL:2

230. Intensive Second-Year Course. German 102 or the equivalent. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 221, 222, 231, or 232. (8). (LR).
This course provides highly motivated students the opportunity to complete the two-term intermediate German sequence in one term. You will be expected to increase the level of accuracy at which you can express yourself and the range of situations in which you can function in German-speaking cultures. We will read and discuss a variety of brief fiction and non-fiction texts, e.g. fairy tales, short stories, newspaper and magazine articles. Toward the end of the term, we will read a longer literary work, such as DER RICHTER UND SEIN HENKER or DIE PHYSIHER. There will be an extensive review of German grammar; however, the majority of the class time will be devoted to discussing the assigned texts and working on small group activities. Films, short videos, and contemporary German music will supplement classroom instruction. There will be weekly quizzes on individual readings and grammatical features as well as a comprehensive final. You will also have to write compositions regularly. The language of instruction is German. Cost:2 WL:2

231. Second-Year Course. German 102 or the equivalent (placement test). No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 230 or 221. (4). (LR).
First course of a two-term sequence in contemporary intermediate German. The second-year program is designed to increase students' proficiency in understanding, speaking, writing, and reading German. Students are expected to increase the level of accuracy at which they can express themselves and the range of situations in which they can function in German-speaking cultures. They will be able to read, comprehend, and discuss a large variety of texts. Traditional whole class instruction is supplemented with communicative activities involving pairs or small groups of students. There are three hourly tests and a final examination. Students write essays related to class readings. The language of instruction is German. Cost:3 WL:2

232. Second-Year Course. German 231 or the equivalent (placement test). No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 230 or 236. (4). (LR).
Second course of a two-term sequence in contemporary intermediate German. See German 231 for a general description. In addition, a longer literary work will be read toward the end of the term. The language of instruction is German. Cost:3 WL:2

325. Practice in Writing and Speaking German. German 232 or the equivalent. (3). (Excl).
The sequence of German 325 and 326 is required for concentration in German. It is primarily intended to improve fluency and accuracy in written and spoken German. One hour each week is devoted to a systematic grammar review including translation from English to German. The remaining class time is devoted to German conversation based on readings and topics chosen at the discretion of the individual instructor. A German essay of one or two pages is assigned approximately every week. One or more five-minute oral presentations may be required. There are midterm and final Cost:2 WL:4

326. Practice in Writing and Speaking German. German 232 or the equivalent. (3). (Excl).
See German 325.

SCANDINAVIAN COURSES (DIVISION 471)

First and second year SWEDISH (Swedish 103, 233) will be offered Fall Term, 1992. Taught by a lecturer from Sweden, an experienced language teacher, Swedish can be used to meet the LS&A language requirement.

Any students who would like to concentrate in Scandinavian Studies must complete two years of Swedish. Second-year proficiency in Swedish is required to participate in The University of Michigan exchange program with the University of Uppsala, Sweden. For further information, contact Marion Marzolf, Program Director, 2092 FB, (747-5353).

103. Elementary Swedish. (4). (LR).
For students with little or no previous knowledge of Swedish, this course provides a basic introduction to Swedish vocabulary and grammar, with the emphasis placed on developing communicative language skills. Extensive practice in listening, speaking and reading and writing. The students will be evaluated on the basis of class participation, assignments and tests. The teacher is a native speaker from Sweden. Cost:2 WL:1 (Olvegård)

COURSES IN GREAT BOOKS (DIVISION 382)

191. Great Books. Open to Honors freshmen only. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Gt. Bks. 201 or Classical Civ. 101. (4). (HU).
Great Books 191 will survey the classical works of ancient Greece. Among the readings will be Homer's ILIAD and ODYSSEY; a number of the plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes; Herodotus' HISTORIES; Thucydides' HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR; and several of Plato's dialogues. The course format is two lectures and two discussion meetings a week. Six to eight short papers will be assigned; there will be midterm and final examinations. Great Books 191 is open to freshmen in the Honors Program, and to other students with the permission of the Director of the Great Books Program. Cost:2 WL:3 (Cameron)

201. Great Books. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Gt. Bks. 191 or Classical Civ. 101. (3). (HU).
SECTION 001: THE GREEKS AND THE HEBREWS. Aimed particularly at freshmen and sophomores, this course is open to all. Unless, however, you care to read stories that provoke thinking, talking, and writing about such matters as human nature, the self and the relation of the individual to the community and to the eternal, death, courage, honor, responsibility, loyalty, friendship, love, power, and justice, this course is not for you. If you do care about what is true or noble or good, then you may enjoy the contacts we will make, through English translations, with the Greek and Hebrew roots of Western Civilization. Our texts will include both Homeric epics, the ILIAD and ODYSSEY; selected tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles, and comedies of Aristophanes; selections from THE HISTORY of Herodotus; selected dialogues of Plato; and selections from the Hebrew Bible, probably including Genesis, the Exodus narrative, and Job. The class will be limited to thirty students. Requirements include attendance and participation, the best ten of twelve one-page papers, a midterm, and a final exam. Cost:2 WL:1 (Wallin)

COURSES IN HISTORY (DIVISION 390)

100-Level Courses are Survey Courses and Introductory Courses for Freshmen and Sophomores

110. Medieval, Renaissance, and Reformation Europe. (4). (SS).
Section 001: Conflict and Change in European History: From the Romans to c. 1700.
History 110 is a survey designed to introduce students to the major themes of European history, beginning with the transformation of the Roman empire into the barbarian kingdoms of the early medieval West. Subsequent topics include the origin of universities, and the evolution of thinking about individuality, nationhood and the nature of political authority. Attention is also given to events in Spain, where for centuries, Christian, Jewish and Islamic cultures evolved along side each other. By way of examining the impact of Europe overseas, the Spanish penetration of Central and South America will be studied in light of both indigenous and European documentation. The course concludes with reflections on the origins of modern political theory and of the scientific method. Readings are from original sources. Lectures are thematic and analytical, and class discussion, as well as written work by students should be anchored in an active engagement with the material, not in passive memorisation. The course, while covering a long time span and very diverse materials, encourages understanding and critical thinking, rather than learning by rote. (MacCormack)

111. Modern Europe. Hist. 110 is recommended as prerequisite. (4). (SS).
This course, which has no prerequisite, will introduce Europe since 1700. We shall look at the major revolutions of the period, the world wars of the eighteenth and twentieth centuries, such long-term processes as industrialization and urbanization, and particular aesthetic forms -- novel, photography, film -- that helped contemporaries understand those realities. We shall also, however, look at how Europe invaded much of the rest of the world in this era, and was in turn invaded by America. Finally, from first to last we will be concerned with memory, with how Europeans in 1914 or 1815 or 1700 used history as both a mirror to see themselves in and a map to their futures. The course is conducted in lectures and discussion. Required work will consist of a midterm and final exam, and two short papers. (Marwil)

121/Asian Studies 121. Great Traditions of East Asia. (4). (HU).
This is an introduction to the civilizations of China, Korea and Japan. It aims to provide an overview of changing traditions from ancient to early modern times (ca. 1650 AD) by outlining broad trends which not only transformed the society, politics, economy and culture of each country but also laid the ground for future shaping of this region into three distinctly different modern nations. Development of Confucian style governments, the spread of Buddhism, growing gender disparities, functions of scholars and samurai, the meanings of peasant rebellions are some of the topics we will cover. Besides the textbook, we will read contemporary accounts and view films and slides in order to acquire intimate appreciation of these cultures. There are no prerequisites for enrollment. Course requirements include attendance at lectures, participation in discussion sections, and completion of two examinations. Cost:2 WL:3 (Tonomura)

130/ABS 160. Introduction to the History of the Ancient Near East. (3). (Excl).
See ABS 160. (Beckman)

151/Asian Studies 111. South Asian Civilization. (4). (HU).
This is an introduction to the civilization of the Indian sub-continent, from its origins about 3000 B.C. to the present, where it comprises over a fifth of the world's people and its oldest living civilized tradition, its largest political democracy, and a major component of the Third World. The course progresses from origins and the Indus culture through the Aryans, Hinduism, caste, and classical India to the succession of empires from the Mauryas to the Mughals and the British, colonialism, independence, and partition. We then consider current problems and changes topically: regionalism and language, agriculture and rural development, population, urbanization, industrialization, and "modernization," and the rise of separate nation-states (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka). Lectures and varied readings (via a course pack) are designed to stimulate class discussion, and there will be some use of slides and films. Art, literature, and religion will also be discussed. There will be a midterm, and a final exam. There are no prerequisites and no previous knowledge is assumed. Cost:2 WL:3,4 (Murphey)

160. United States to 1865. (4). (SS).
This course deals with the history of the part of North America that became the United States, from before European contact to the end of the American Civil War. Focal points are the interaction of native, European, and African people; the emergence of political structures and cultural patterns under British colonial rule; the nature and impact of the American Revolution; and the origins and nature of the Civil War. Two lectures and two discussion sections each week, at least one essay, one hour examination, and a two-hour final examination will emphasize the problems of explaining and understanding this formative period of American society. A comprehensive textbook plus extensive reading in primary evidence (eyewitness accounts), from Cotton Mather to Abraham Lincoln, provide the basis for study of the period. (Shy)

161. United States, 1865 to the Present. (4). (SS).
History 161 is designed to trace -- via talks, discussion sections and books -- America's history from 1865 to the present. The course will attempt to offer, with consistency, an analytical framework of usefulness to those trying to comprehend American society. Its principal themes will be those of small-town America and its ideological persistence; the rise of an opposing set of values embodied in bureaucratic institutions; and the continuing tension between local and national values in such issues as race, religion, women's rights, foreign policy, government regulation, etc. The talks and a significant number of the books will also attempt to convey the varieties of personal experience so important to this period. The course will meet four hours each week: two in lecture and two in a discussion section. Tentative marking requirements include a short paper, a one-hour midterm examination and a two-hour final examination. There are no history course prerequisites for History 161. (Linderman)

COURSES IN HISTORY OF ART (DIVISION 392)

History of Art 101, 102, 103 and 108, while covering different areas, are all considered equivalent introductions to the History of art. These three introductory survey courses consider not only art objects as aesthetic experiences but also the interaction which exists between the artist and society. The lecture and discussion sections explore various historical, social, religious, and intellectual phenomena which are reflected in the style and content of works of art. Attention is also given to the creative act and to the problems of vision and perception which both the artist and his public must face. The three courses are numbered sequentially but they do not form a sequence.

Although it would be logical to move from History of Art 101 to History of Art 102, either History of Art 101 or 102 along with History of Art 103 and 108 serve as a satisfactory introduction to the history of art.

Course requirements and texts vary with individual instructors, but an effort is always made to introduce students to works of art in the collections of the university as well as in the museums of Detroit and Toledo. Most of the upper division courses in history of art require one of these three introductory courses as a prerequisite. The introductory courses are directed toward students interested in the general history of culture and are especially valuable cognates for students in the fields of history, philosophy, literature, and musicology as well as the creative arts. Photographic material is available for study in the Fine Arts Study Room in the Modern Languages Building. Examinations usually include short essays and slides which are to be identified, compared, and discussed.

101. Near Eastern and European Art from the Stone Age to the End of the Middle Ages. (4). (HU).
This course is designed to develop a comprehensive knowledge of the major monuments and periods of art from antiquity through the late Middle Ages and to present the rudiments of art historical analysis. The arts of architecture, sculpture, and painting along with significant minor arts are included. This course along with History of Art 102 provides a basic foundation for subsequent study in the field. Subject matter includes the history of art as a humanistic discipline plus analysis of works of art. Lectures concentrate on major monuments from and artistic developments in Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic art. Discussion sections will include frequent visits to the galleries and storerooms of the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology and the Museum of Art. Readings include a general survey text plus appropriate paperbacks. (Gerstel)

102. Western Art from the End of the Middle Ages to the Present. No credit granted to those who have completed 104 and 105, or 150. Two credits granted if only 104 or 105 has been completed. (4). (HU).
The purpose of this course is present a survey of major developments in Western art from the Renaissance to the present day. Works of architecture, painting, and sculpture will be studied with the aim of analyzing and interpreting their technical, formal, and expressive characteristics and their relationship to cultural change. The presentation in the three weekly lectures will be chronological, beginning with Italian and Northern European art of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Weekly discussion sections will be devoted to basic characteristics of the visual arts, to the nature of painting, sculpture, architecture, and printmaking, and to topics related to but not identical with the lecture material; at least one section will be held in the University Museum of Art. Reading will include a general historical text and a paperback on characteristics of the visual arts. Two short papers and a midterm and final examination will be required. (No previous course work is necessary, but it is suggested that students with a strong interest in the visual arts might take History of Art 101, the survey of Ancient and Medieval Art, prior to the present course.) (Isaacson)

103. Arts of Asia. (4). (HU).
This survey begins with an overview of archaeological remains in Asia, and then continues through South and Southeast Asia, introducing Hindu and Buddhist art and architecture, as well as Indian painting and Islamic art. Themes that emerge in this early segment continue to be developed in Chinese sculpture and painting, as Buddhist art is transformed into its Chinese incarnation and the secular art of ink and brush painting creates a new view of landscape. Finally, the major monuments of Japan, sculpture, painting, and the well-known prints of the "floating world" will be examined using both aesthetics and religious belief as determining factors in artistic expression. Both shared and divergent traits within the arts of Asia will be explored and developed. The course comprises three lectures and one discussion section a week, grades are based on two hour exams, a short paper, and a final exam. There is no special background needed for the course. Required reading: the Art and Architecture series on Japan, China, and India. Cost:3 WL:1 (Mannikka)

108/CAAS 108. Introduction to African Art. (3). (Excl).
This is a general introduction to the arts of sub-Saharan Africa. It surveys some recent (19th and 20th century) art forms of the continent and concludes with a critical look at African art in Euro-American society. The approach is both historical and ethnographic, reviewing significant developments in art production while exploring some dominant themes in African art. A selective use of visual material -- slides, films, art objects -- help to illustrate the relationship between art production and environment. It also shows how art functions in the cycle of life in diverse African cultures ranging from decentralized to large complex polities. Texts: A Short History of African Art by Werner Gillon and African Art in the Cycle of Life by R.Sieber and R.Walker. The principle of continuous assessment will apply and will combine records of attendance at lectures and sessions, slide tests, and two short written assignments. (Quarcoopome)

112/Art 112. History of Photography. (3). (Excl).
This lecture course will explore the history of photography of the 19th and 20th centuries through a comparative study of photographs, photographers, and theories about the nature of photography. The goal is to create an understanding of the themes and issues, concepts and context associated with the image making - from American and international perspectives. One intent is that at the end of the study the student should be aware of some of the diverse concerns in present day photography and be able to identify its origins and influences. The class should interest students from a wide range of disciplines. Students will supplement lecture and readings with multi-media computer-based "learning modules," and by participation in small discussions focused on special theoretical topics. Grades will be based on a term project, discussion participation, and two essay slide exams. (Kirkpatrick)

221/Class. Arch. 221. Introduction to Greek Archaeology. (4). (HU).
See Classical Archaeology 221. (Herbert)

COURSES IN JUDAIC STUDIES (DIVISION 407)

101. Elementary Yiddish. (3). (LR).
This is the first of a two-term sequence designed to develop basic skills in speaking, understanding, reading and writing Yiddish. Active class participation is required as are periodic quizzes, exams, a midterm and a final. The language of instruction will be Yiddish. There are no prerequisites. (Norich)

COURSES IN LINGUISTICS (DIVISION 423)

112. Languages of the World. (3). (SS).
This course is intended for those who are curious about human language but who have not had courses or formal training in linguistics. We will examine selected languages from various parts of the world to see what they can tell us about human languages in general: How are they alike and how do they differ? How do they change? How do they help structure the worlds and societies of their speakers? At the same time students will gain some insight into how linguists proceed in their task of analysis and explanation. They will also learn how to confront texts in languages they do not know. There are weekly problem sets, readings, and two hour exams. No prerequisites. Cost:1 (Myhill/Staff)

210. Introduction to Linguistics. (3). (SS).
Nothing is more distinctly human than our ability to talk, to use language. Because of that, we expect that the study of language can provide us insight into the things that combine to make "human nature." Since language is a product of what we call "mind," "culture," and "society," it provides us with concrete data through which we can study those very abstract things. This course is an introduction to the methods which linguists have developed in the process of analyzing and describing human languages. Our study will draw on examples from a large number of the languages of the world (including observations of the language habits of U of M students and faculty). We will look at the sounds of language, how they are produced, and how they are patterned into words. We will study the diverse ways in which individual languages approach the processes of word and sentence formation, while we try to decide if there are processes which are universal to all human languages. In spite of this, we will focus our attention on the methods of inquiry: How does a linguist decide what ought to be studied in a given language? How do we go about collecting data? When do we know we have enough? What techniques do we have for making sense of our data? What kinds of conclusions are we led to, what do we do if our methods lead us to different accounts of the same phenomenon? In other words, our focus will be on the processes of analysis and the methods of critical thinking as they apply to the study of language. Daily exercises will afford opportunities to collect data, define problems and propose tentative solutions. Class lecture/discussions and longer bi-weekly assignments will present methods of argumentation and develop problem solving skills. There will be a midterm and a final exam. (The only prerequisites are good will and enthusiasm). (Beddor)

211. Introduction to Language. (3). (SS).
From time immemorial human beings have been curious about language -- about its structure, its diversity, its use, and its effects on others. In this course, we will explore the human capacity for language, beginning with the ways language differs from animal communication and with how children acquire language and the role of the brain in speech. We will then review major aspects of language structure (sounds, words, sentences) and apply them to discussions of the origin of language, the history of the English language, as well as to discussions of current dialects of English such as Black English. After a brief investigation of the relationship between language and thought, we will consider social attitudes toward language. Here we will debate questions such as: Is sign language a real language or just pantomime? What is "Standard English" and is it better than "dialects" of English? Is there any linguistic evidence supporting the notion of English as a racist and sexist language or is this notion purely an imaginary construct devised to create controversy? The course concludes The course concludes with an examination of the importance of nonverbal communication (body language) in every day interactions and with an examination of how language is subtly (and sometimes not so subtly) manipulated in advertisements. Course work includes eight short homework assignments, one midterm examination and weekly participation in a computer conference. The final exam is optional. Cost:2 WL:1 (Cooper/Keller-Cohen)

COURSES IN MATHEMATICS (DIVISION 428)

Elementary Courses. All courses require three years of high school mathematics; four years are strongly recommended. In order to accommodate diverse backgrounds and interests, several course options are available to beginning mathematics students. All students with College Board Advanced Placement credit or anyone planning to enroll in an upper level class should consider one of the honors sequences and discuss the options with a mathematics counselor.

Students who need additional preparation for calculus are tentatively identified based on an combination of the math placement test (given during orientation), college admissions test scores and high school grade point average. Academic counselors will discuss this placement information with each student and refer students to a mathematics counselor when necessary. Two courses preparatory to the calculus, Math 105/106 and Math 109/110, are offered in pairs: a lecture-recitation format and a self-study version of the same material through the Math Lab. Math 105/106 is a course in college algebra and trigonometry with an emphasis on functions and graphs. Math 109/110 is a half-term course for students with all the necessary prerequisites for calculus who are unable to complete a first calculus course successfully. A maximum total of 4 credits may be earned in courses numbered 110 and below. Math 101 and 103 are offered exclusively in the Summer half-term for students in the Summer Bridge Program.

Math 127 and 128 are courses containing selected topics from geometry and number theory, respectively. They are intended for students who want exposure to mathematical culture and mathematical thinking through a single course.

Each of Math 112, 113, 115, 185, and 195 is a first course in calculus and generally credit can be received for only one course from this list. Math 112 is designed for students of business and the social sciences who require only one term of calculus. It neither presupposes nor covers any trigonometry. The sequence Math 113-114 is intended for students of the life sciences who require only one year of calculus. The sequence Math 115-116-215 is appropriate for most students who want a complete introduction to calculus. Math 118 is an alternative to Math 116 intended for students of the social sciences who do not intend to continue to Math 215. Math 215 is prerequisite to most more advanced courses in Mathematics. Math 112 and Math 113-114 do not provide preparation for any subsequent course. Math 113 does not provide preparation for Math 116 or 118.

The sequences 175-176-285-286, 185-186-285-286, and 195-196-295-296 are honors sequences. All students must have the permission of an Honors counse