Afroamerican and African Studies (Division 311)

Introductory Courses

100. Introduction to Afro-American Studies. (4). (SS).
This course introduces and provides a general overview of the area of Afroamerican Studies. It employs a multi-disciplinary perspective which combines elements from conventional historical, political, sociocultural and behavioral orientations in the analysis of Afroamerican culture and institutions. The course format is a lecture-discussion with four weekly lectures. Students meet with T.A.s once weekly to discuss course readings and lectures. The course will be supplemented by guest lecturers, selected CAAS colloquia, films, special projects and field trips. WL:4

Literature and the Arts

108/Hist. of Art 108. Introduction to African Art. (3). (Excl).
See History of Art 108. (Quarcoopome)

341/Theatre 222. Introduction to Black Theatre. (3). (HU).
See Theatre and Drama 222. (Jackson)

342/Theatre 233. Acting and the Black Experience. Permission of instructor (brief interview). (3). (HU).
See Theatre and Drama 233. (Jackson)

Individual Behavior, Cultural Systems, and Social Organization

241/Women's Studies 231. Women of Color and Feminism. (3). (Excl).
See Women's Studies 231.

American Culture (Division 315)

Unless otherwise stated, the permission required for the repetition for credit of specifically designated courses is that of the student's concentration or B.G.S. advisor.

170/History 170/University Courses 170/Women's Studies 210. Histories of "Witchcraft." First-year students only. (4). (Introductory Composition).

"witch - 1) one that is credited with usually malignant supernatural powers, especially a woman,...a sorceress; 2) an ugly old woman, hag; 3) a charming or alluring girl or woman."
-Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary

This is a multi-disciplinary and cross-cultural course offered to first-year students only. Its format is somewhat unusual. Students will attend a twice-weekly "lecture" class that focuses on the 1692 "witchcraft" outbreak in Salem, Massachusetts, and on the accusations and trials that preceded this dramatic event in both New England and Europe. Readings for this section of the course are drawn from history, literature, journalism, sociology, psychology, and anthropology (see lecture syllabus). In addition, each student will enroll in a twice-weekly discussion section (a kind of mini-course within the larger course) that focuses initially on the Salem outbreak but subsequently on other histories of "witchcraft."

210. Topics in Ethnic Studies. (3). (SS). May be repeated for credit with permission.
Section 002 - Latinos in the United States: An Introduction.
Latinos - or Hispanics - are the second largest minority in the U.S. Comprised of those whose origins - however near or far - come from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America, Latinos comprise very variegated experiences in the U.S. Both the reasons of migration from their countries and their processes of incorporation in American society vary widely. Together we will seek to understand both what they share and what is unique. This course explores the experiences of the major groups of Latinos in the U.S. - Chicanos, Mexicans immigrants, Puerto Ricans, Cubans - both for what it tells us about them and for the social problems and social issues they serve to exemplify: family, immigration law and its consequences, the different meaning of race in Latin America and the U.S., the unfolding drama of revolution, the "culture of poverty" and the like. Overall we will seek to understand to what extent Latinos are insiders or outsiders to this society, and why. (Koreck)

Courses in Spanish

307/Spanish 307. Spanish for U.S. Latinos. Basic knowledge of Spanish language or permission of instructor. (3). (Excl).
This course addresses the particular linguistic needs and interests of students of Hispanic descent and heritage born and/or educated in the United States interested in acquiring a formal and structural knowledge of Spanish, in further expanding vocabulary at the abstract and professional levels, and in developing their skills in formal and professional writing. Sociolinguistic aspects of Spanish in the United States - code-switching, linguistic attitudes, bilingualism - also will be explored in relation to the politics of cultural identity. Short weekly assignments and exercises emphasizing the differences between oral and written modes of communication and between formal and informal Spanish will be required, along with a mid-term and a final exam. Readings will include cultural essays, literature, and scholarly articles. (Aparicio)

Anthropology

Courses in Biological Anthropology (Division 318)

161. Introduction to Biological Anthropology. (4). (NS).
The course explores the biological basis for variation in human morphology, physiology, and behavior across different modern populations around the world, and through human evolutionary history. Major topics discussed are evolutionary theory, genetics, human adaptation, primate and human behavior, and the human fossil record. No special knowledge is required or assumed. Cost:2 WL:2

Courses in Cultural Anthropology (Division 319)

101. Introduction to Anthropology. Primarily for freshmen and sophomores. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 222 or 426. (4). (SS).
This introductory course exposes and explores the structures of inquiry characteristic of anthropology and surveys the field's four subdisciplines (biological, archaeological, cultural, and linguistic anthropology), providing a first glimpse of the field's overall context, history, present status, and importance. The principal aim of the course is to help students develop a coherent view of the essential concepts, structures, and intellectual methods that typify the discipline. It stresses unifying principles that link the subdisciplines and thereby create anthropology's comprehensive, holistic world view. It teaches students various ways of learning and thinking about the world's many designs for living in time and space. It prepares them to integrate and interpret information, to evaluate conflicting claims about human nature and diversity, and to think critically. Topics covered include: the nature of culture, human genetics, evolution, and the fossil reles, economics, politics, and religion in global perspective, the cultural dimension of economic development and contemporary social change, and the ecord, the concept of race, primate (monkey and ape) behavior, language and culture, systems of marriage, kinship and family organization, sex and gender romergence of a world system. Required readings may include an introductory text and various paperbacks. Lectures and discussion. Two objective exams (multiple choice and true or false questions) cover the two halves of the course. The second exam is given on the last day of class. There is no final exam and no term paper. Section leaders require quizzes and, perhaps a short paper. Satisfies diversity requirement. Cost:2 WL:1,3,4 (Kottak)

222. The Comparative Study of Cultures. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 101 or 426. Students with credit for Anthro. 101 should elect Anthro. 327. (4). (SS).
The purpose of this course is to acquaint students with the great variety existing in human culture and society so that they can place their own particular way of life in proper perspective. Its subject matter is world ethnology with special emphasis on social organization and economy. Lectures and readings are organized according to complexity of society; the course begins with hunters and gatherers, progresses through various tribal and peasant societies, and concludes with contemporary industrial nations. The approach is comparative. Lectures are supplemented by weekly discussion sections augmented by a variety of readings, primarily ethnographic in nature, and by frequent showings of ethnographic films. Course requirements include a midterm examination, a final examination, and a paper applying principles learned in the course to some aspect of the student's own life. Both examinations consist primarily of essay questions. This course is intended for non-concentrators. Cost:3 WL:4 (Lockwood)

282. Introduction to Prehistoric Archaeology. (4). (SS).
This course will combine a presentation of the techniques, methods, and theories of anthropological archaeology as a social science with a general survey of world prehistory. The presentation of method and theory will cover field and laboratory techniques for acquiring information about past cultures, methods for using that information to test ideas about past cultural organization and evolution, and current theoretical developments in anthropological archaeology as a social science. The survey of world prehistory will focus on four major problems in the development of human culture: (1) the emergence of Africa, between two and six million years ago, of the first proto-humans; (2) the appearance approximately 40,000 years ago of the first anatomically and behaviorally "modern" humans; (3) the origins of domesticated plants and animals and the development of the first village farming communities; and (4) the rise of more complex, stratified societies from these simpler farming societies. The course will be oriented as much toward students with a general curiosity and interest in the human past as toward students who will become eventual concentrators. There will be three lectures (one hour each) plus one discussion section per week. Requirements include three in-class hourly exams and a final examination, plus four take-home exercises that give students firsthand experience with the application of analytical methods to real archaeological data. Required Readings: ARCHAEOLOGY (2nd edition, 1989), by David Hurst Thomas, plus additional readings, to be announced. Cost:3 WL:2 (Speth)

Asian Languages and Cultures

Courses in Buddhist Studies (Division 332)

230(320)/Asian Studies 230/Phil. 230/Rel. 230. Introduction to Buddhism. (4). (HU).
An introduction to the Buddhist religion, with attention to its moral and philosophical teachings, its modes of practice (e.g., meditation and ritual), and its social and institutional structures. The course takes a historical approach, concentrating on the origins of the Hinayana, Mahayana, and Tantric traditions in India, and the subsequent development of those traditions in Tibet and East Asia. Students attend three hours of lecture and a one-hour discussion section each week. There will be a midterm, final exam, and a paper. No previous knowledge of the subject is required. Cost:3 WL:4 (Foulk)

Courses in Chinese (Division 339)

101. Beginning Chinese. (5). (LR).
Chinese 101 is an introductory course in speaking, understanding, reading and writing Chinese. The student is expected to achieve control of the sound system, basic sentence patterns and basic vocabulary of Standard Mandarin Chinese. Starting the 5th week, we will learn to read and write the characters. In Chinese 101, the major emphasis is on speaking and aural comprehension. We recommend that students listen to the tapes one hour per day. This is a five-credit-hour course. We meet one hour each day. Tuesdays and Thursdays are lectures; Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays are recitations. Students are required to register for both a lecture section and a recitation section. Attendance is taken everyday and no audits are allowed. Textbooks: (a) John DeFrancis, Beginning Chinese (Yale Univ. Press) (b) John DeFrancis, Beginning Chinese Reader, Part I and II (Yale Univ. Press). Materials covered (Fall Term): Beginning Chinese, Lessons 1-13. Beginning Chinese Reader, Lessons 1-12. Cost:2 WL:1 (Tao)

201. Second-Year Chinese. Chinese 102 or equivalent. (5). (LR).
This course is a continuation of work begun in Chinese 101-102. Students electing the course should have mastered the spoken language material presented in DeFrancis' BEGINNING CHINESE or a similar introductory text and should be able to recognize and write about 400 characters and 1200 combinations. The primary goal of the course is achievement of a basic level of reading competence within a vocabulary of 800 characters and accompanying combinations. A closely integrated secondary goal is continued improvement of aural understanding and speaking competence. These goals are approached through classroom drill, out-of-class exercises, and work in the language laboratory. Daily class attendance is required. Students are graded on the basis of daily classroom attendance, and weekly quizzes or tests. The text is INTERMEDIATE READER OF MODERN CHINESE (Princeton University Press, 1992). Students who are native or near-native Mandarin Chinese speakers are not eligible for this course. They should enroll in Chinese 302 (Reading and Writing Chinese) which covers all of the material presented in Chinese 201 / 202 and is offered in the Winter term. No visitors are allowed. Cost:3 WL:1 (Liang)

301. Reading and Writing Chinese. Permission of instructor. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Chinese 101 or 102. (4). (LR).
This course is designed for students with native or near-native speaking ability in Chinese, but little or no reading and writing ability. Chinese 301 meets three hours per week; it focuses on reading and writing Chinese and will cover the regular 101-102 reading materials. Students will be graded on the basis of daily classroom performance, daily quizzes, periodic tests, and homework assignments. The basic text is Beginning Chinese Reader by John DeFrancis. Cost:1 WL:1 (Staff)

Courses in Japanese (Division 401)

101. Beginning Japanese. (5). (LR).
A thorough grounding is given in all the language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The aim of the oral component is to provide the student with the speaking and comprehension skills necessary to function effectively in practical situations in a Japanese-speaking environment. Attention is given to the social and cultural differences in the use of the language. In the reading and writing component the two Kana syllabaries (Katakana and Hiragana) and elementary characters (Kanji) are introduced. The goal of this component is to develop proficient reading skills through practice reinforced by oral and written short question-answer exercises. Students are required to practice with audio/video tapes a minimum of two hours for each class hour (10 hours per week). From the first day, recitation sessions are conducted entirely in Japanese; no English is permitted. Recitation sessions emphasize speaking/reading in Japanese contexts at normal speed with near native pronunciation, accent, intonation, rhythm and appropriate body language. Analyses, explanations, and discussions involving the use of English are specifically reserved for lectures with a linguist. Texts: Eleanor Harz Jorden and Mari Noda, Japanese: The Spoken Language, Parts I-II; Eleanor Harz Jorden and Hamako Ito Chaplin, Reading Japanese. Cost:2 WL:1 (Staff)

201. Second-Year Japanese. Japanese 102 or equivalent. (5). (LR).
Further training is given in all the language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) for students who have acquired a basic language proficiency. The aim of the oral component is to provide the student with the speaking and comprehension skills necessary to function effectively in more advanced practical situations in a Japanese-speaking environment. In the reading and writing component, the emphasis is on reading elementary texts, developing an expository style, and writing short answers/essays in response to questions about these texts. Discussions on the social and cultural use of language are provided. Students are required to practice a minimum of two hours for each class hour (12 hours per week). Recitation sessions are conducted entirely in Japanese; no English is permitted. Recitation sessions emphasize speaking/reading in Japanese contexts at normal speed with near-native pronunciation, accent, intonation, rhythm, and appropriate body language. Analyses, explanations, and discussions involving the use of English are specifically reserved for lectures with a linguist. Texts: Eleanor Harz Jorden and Mari Noda, Japanese: The Spoken Language, Parts II-III; Eleanor Harz Jorden and Hamako Ito Chaplin, Reading Japanese. Cost:2 WL:1 (Staff)

Courses in South and Southeast Asia (Division 483)

Language Courses

101. Beginning Thai. (5). (LR).
Standard Thai, the language of Thailand, is typical of several Asian languages in its grammar and tonal pronunciation. Focus of the course is the use of language in everyday situations. Upon successful completion of the two-term sequence, students will be able to conduct conversation dealing with several survival concerns, eg., introduction, ordering food, transportation, banking, post-office trip, shopping, etc. From the first day of class, students will learn Thai scripts and will be able to read course materials and short passages in Thai at the end of the term. Writing assignments are also assigned. Thai cultures, history, geography, etc. will be offered both in the content of the language lessons and supplementary presentations. Placement test required before registration. Cost:1 WL:4 (Brown)

103. Beginning Indonesian. (5). (LR).
Indonesian is the national language of Indonesia, a country noted for its rich and deep cultural heritage as well as for its remarkable cultural diversity. With its 180,000,000 speakers, Indonesian is the sixth most prevalently spoken of world languages. The relatively simple syntactic and grammatical structures which characterize Indonesian make it an accessible language for native speakers of English. The elementary course comprises a two-term sequence designed to provide the student with a basic working knowledge of the Indonesian language. The course aims at the acquisition of the four basic language skills--listening, speaking, reading, and writing--in modern Indonesian. The class emphasizes aural-oral exercises and practice and the learning of culture throughout the course. The text used is keyed to a set of tapes for use in the language lab and concentrates on practical knowledge of the language. Evaluation is based on classroom performance, homework assignments, tests, and a final exam. Cost:2 WL:4 (Sudarsih)

105. Elementary Hindi-Urdu. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in S&SEA 315. (4). (LR).
South and Southeast Asia 105 is the first term in the sequence of Hindi-Urdu courses offered by the Department of Asian Languages and Cultures. The course meets four hours per week in four sessions. If enrollments warrant, there will be a separate course (SSEA 315) intended for students who have some knowledge of the spoken language but do not know the writing system. In the first year only the Devanagari writing system (for Hindi) is introduced. Nastaliq (for Urdu) comes in the second year. The course concentrates on developing skills in reading, writing, speaking, and aural comprehension. Evaluation is based on attendance, written homework assignments, quizzes, dictations, and examinations. There are no prerequisites (no previous knowledge of Hindi is required). Cost:2 WL:1

109. Beginning Sanskrit. (3). (LR).
This course will work toward developing a proficiency with the basic tools necessary to read and write Sanskrit, the classical language of India. Lessons will include study of the script (Devanagari), elementary grammar and vocabulary. The grade will be based on completion of regular homework assignmentst, weekly quizzes, a mid-term and a final examination.

111. Beginning Punjabi. (4). (LR).
This course offers an introduction to spoken and written Panjabi, a major language of northern India and of Pakistan, with some 80 million speakers. It will begin with a concentration on the spoken language, emphasizing oral-aural skills, and introducing the Gurmukhi script. Students will be encouraged to begin basic conversation in class. The written aspects of the language will be introduced through graded readings and written exercises. This course is oriented toward developing a basic practical proficiency in the language. Teaching materials will be drawn from a variety of sources: available reference grammars, textbooks of Panjabi, and instructor- prepared materials. Evaluation of students' performance will be based on daily class work, homework, a midterm, and a final. Cost:1 (Singh)

115. Beginning Vietnamese. (5). (LR).
Vietnamese 115 is the introductory course in reading, listening, speaking and writing the only language of more than 65,000,000 speakers, from the South to the utmost northern part of Vietnam. This country is now moving towards the free market economy and needs foreign capital and knowhow. In addition, with prospective normalization of US-Vietnamese relations in the very near future, one cannot doubt that a knowledge of the Vietnamese language and culture will be a crucial asset in enabling one to participate in many opportunities that will be available then. This first half of the two-term sequence course is designed to accomodate students with no knowledge of the Vietnamese language as well as those with some knowledge but desire to develop the four basic language skills - listening, speaking, reading and writing, and to improve their knowledge in Vietnamese history and culture. The format will be as follows: three class hours a week will be focused on the aural-oral approach - in reading, dialogue form, translation, question-and-answer on the content of the texts. One class hour a week will be devoted to quizzes and tests, and one class hour to guided conversation. In addition, there will be written assignments and works in the language lab. Throughout the course, students will be encouraged to communicate in Vietnamese, and classes will be largely conducted in Vietnamese in view to develop the students' ability to acquire sufficient automaticity and fluency in spoken Vietnamese. Course evaluation will be graded on classroom performance, class attendance, home assignments and a final examination. WL:3 (Nguyen)

315. Reading and Writing Hindi-Urdu. Speaking and listening comprehension proficiency (as determined by interview). No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in S&SEA 105 or 106. (4). (LR).
S&SEA 315 is the first course in a two-term sequence designed for students with some background in spoken Hindi-Urdu. It covers the first (elementary) year of Hindi-Urdu in one term. A follow-on course (S&SEA 316) covers the second (intermediate) year of Hindi-Urdu in the winter term. The course meets four times a week for one hour each session. Students coming from Hindi- or Urdu-speaking families are encouraged to take this course rather than S&SEA 105-6. See the instructor for placement. Cost:2 WL:1 (Hook)

Asian Studies (Division 323)

111/University Courses 172/History 151. South Asian Civilization. (4). (HU).
See UC 172. (Dirks)

121/History 121. Great Traditions of East Asia. (4). (HU).
See History 121. (Forage)

230(320)/Buddhist Studies 230/Phil. 230/Rel. 230. Introduction to Buddhism. (4). (HU).
See Buddhist Studies 230.

Astronomy (Division 326)

INTRODUCTORY COURSES AND COURSES FOR NON-CONCENTRATORS. Astronomy 101/111 discusses our explorations of the solar system. Astronomy 102/112 deals with stars and the rest of the Universe beyond the solar system. Students in Astronomy 101 and 102 attend a weekly discussion section. Students in Astronomy 111 and 112 actively participate in a laboratory which meets in the evening each week. None of these courses is a prerequisite for any of the others. High school mathematics through plane geometry is useful. All students in each course will have opportunities for a planetarium visit and for evening observations with the telescopes mounted on Angell Hall.

101. Introductory Astronomy: The Solar System. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 111, 130, 160, or 221. (4). (NS).
Astronomy 101 students attend the same lectures as Astronomy 111 students (see course description below). (Section 001:Sears; Section 006:Worthey)

102. Introductory Astronomy: Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 112, 130, 160, or 222. (4). (NS).
Astronomy 102 students attend the same lectures as Astronomy 112 students (see course description below). Instead of laboratory sections, Astronomy 102 incorporates weekly one-hour discussions and associated homework, which is considered along with examinations and quizzes for course grades. Cost:2 WL:4 (Section 001:Mateo; Section 006:Seitzer)

111. Introductory Astronomy: The Solar System. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 101, 130, 160, or 221. (4). (NS).
This course presents an introduction to the field of astronomy and astrophysics with an emphasis on the discoveries from space exploration. The first third of the course deals with understanding the history of astronomy, orbits, gravitation, optics and the properties of light and matter. The rest of the course explores the properties, origin and evolution of the major planets, asteroids, comets, the Sun and other components of the Solar System with particular emphasis on comparative aspects with respect to the Earth. The origin and formation of the Solar System and the origin of life will also be discussed. This course is intended for non-science concentrators with a basic high school math and science background. Astronomy 111 has a two-hour laboratory section every week. Astronomy 101 has a one-hour discussion section. Course requirements include assigned reading, section meetings, homework, observations and examinations. Laboratory sections include observations with telescopes. Cost:2 WL:4 (Section 001: Sears; Section 005: Worthey)

112. Introductory Astronomy: Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 102, 130, 160, or 222. (4). (NS).
This course is intended primarily for non-science concentrators, who wish to understand the phenomena and properties of the universe beyond our solar system. There are no astronomy prerequisites, and a basic high school math background (e.g., not calculus) will suffice. Students examine the widest possible range of interrelated natural phenomena, from sub-atomic particles to the Universe as a whole. Lectures inventory the different types of stars and examine how red giants, white dwarfs, black holes, supernovae, and people all fit together in one grand, remarkable scheme. The larger picture includes our Milky Way galaxy, less hospitable exploding galaxies, and enigmatic quasars. The present state of knowledge or speculation regarding the origin and ultimate fate of our universe will also receive special attention. It all came from somewhere, but where...and why? Course grades will be derived from scheduled quizzes, a midterm and a final exam, and laboratory exercises. Laboratory sections, which meet for two evening hours each week, will include planetarium demonstrations and observations with telescopes (weather permitting) mounted on Angell Hall. Cost:3 WL:4 (Section 001: Mateo; Section 006: Seitzer)

160. Introduction to Astrophysics. Math. 115, and prior or concurrent enrollment in Phys. 140; or permission of instructor. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 102, 112, 130, 221, or 222. (4). (NS).
This course introduces students with some science and math background to methods and concepts of modern astrophysics. Topics: astrophysical processes; modern telescopes and instrumentation; stellar spectra, motions, and atmospheres; stellar interiors and nuclear energy generation; evolution of stars and their planetary systems from birth in giant molecular clouds to deaths as white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes; stellar systems, our Milky Way galaxy; dark matter and interactions in galaxies; the distribution of galaxies and quasars in the Universe; cosmic background radiation and the Big Bang. Problem sets and a weekly two-hour laboratory using telescopes on Angell Hall. Cost:2 WL:3 (Aller)

204/AOSS 204/Geology 204. The Planets: Their Geology and Climates. High school mathematics through plane geometry and trigonometry. Those with credit for GS 113 may only elect Astro. 204 for 2 credits. (3). (NS).
See Geology 204. Cost:1-2 WL:4 (Atreya and Pollack)

261/NOEP 301. Navigation. (2). (Excl).
The purpose of this course is to educate students in all aspects of marine navigation, from getting a vessel underway from port through open ocean navigation using both celestial and electronic means. The content of the course is divided into three major areas. The first section focuses on piloting, emphasizing the safe navigation of vessels in coastal waters. This section provides an introduction to navigational instruments and aids to navigation. The second section concerns celestial navigation, the ability to determine position through observation of celestial bodies. Students learn how to determine position based on the use of the sextant and various almanacs and mathematical tables. The third section of the course considers electronic navigation. The course consists of two ninety minute lectures a week. Grading is done on the basis of homework, quizzes, a project, and examinations. The primary textbooks for the course are MARINE NAVIGATION I and MARINE NAVIGATION II by Richard R. Hobbs. (Staff)

Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences (Division 241)

Although AOSS 202 is offered through the College of Engineering, the course is approved by LSA to earn LSA credits and may be used to meet Natural Science distribution requirements. Other Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences courses are listed in the COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BULLETIN, and in the Time Schedule as part of the offerings of the College of Engineering in the AOSS subsection and may be elected by LSA students as a part of non-LSA course work. These other courses do not help meet LSA distribution requirements. Students who have a serious professional interest in the field should consult the department (2233 Space Research Building, 764-3335).

202. The Atmosphere. (3). (NS).
Note: AOSS 202 is in the process of being restructured for the Fall Term. Section 001, pending final approval, will become Chem/AOSS 105. Section 002 will remain AOSS 202. Students electing Section 001 will be informed of any changes by the AOSS Department.

Section 001: Our Changing Atmosphere. The science of the greenhouse effect, stratospheric ozone depletion, the polar ozone holes, and urban smog. These phenomena and their possible consequences are discussed along with the properties and behavior of the atmosphere and its interactions with other components of the environment (Barker)

Section 002: Climate Change and Weather There is a real possibility that the climate of the 2000's will be dramatically different from today's. The climate change portion of this course investigates what changes are forecast in temperature, precipitation and storminess in the coming century and how climatic and meteorological variability may influence our way of life. Topics include: origins of the atmosphere, natural and unnatural climatic variability, global atmospheric circulation, and the role of air pollution. In the weather portion topics include: the science and art of weather forecasting and photographic and video presentations on severe weather topics including lightning, thunderstorms, tornados and hurricanes. Grades are based on three hourly exams each covering one-third of the material and a final report based on an analysis of either personal weather observations or weather folklore interviews. (Baker)

Biology (Division 328)

100. Biology for Nonscientists. Not open to those with Advanced Placement or "Departmental" credit in biology, nor to those concentrating in the biological sciences. (4). (NS).
Biology 100 is a one term course designed to introduce students to current biological concepts. The course consists of three hours of lecture per week plus a coordinated discussion session which occupies two hours per week. Biology 100 provides an introduction to some general principles of biology and concentrates on the areas of cell biology, genetics, evolution, and environmental biology. A major objective of this course is to point out to students the nature of the scientific process and illustrate the uses and non-uses of science in contemporary life. Wherever possible, the ethical and social implications of contemporary scientific effort will be discussed.

This course is designed for students with a minimal background in the biological sciences but we do assume some exposure to biology at the high school level. Discussion sections enroll 20 students and are taught by graduate student teaching assistants. In the discussion section, students have the opportunity to review material presented in lecture and participate in discussions of issues raised in the lecture segment. Cost:3 WL:1; you MUST attend the first discussion section to claim your place in the course.

101. Biology and Human Affairs. (4). (NS).
This course is an introduction to those aspects of biology that have direct applicability to the lives of people in today's world. It covers current controversies within biology, especially as they relate to human life and human affairs. Topics discussed include IQ and genetics, sex roles, agriculture, world hunger, and the environment. Background information is given for each topic, but the emphasis is placed on the controversies and the role of science in human affairs. In addition to the two lectures per week, there is a two-hour discussion period in which the topics are further explored and films are frequently shown. Cost:3 WL:2 (Vandermeer)

110/University Courses 110. Introduction to Global Change I. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Natural Resources 110. (4). (NS).
The course will be an introduction to the natural world in which humans live. It will include an introduction to the evolution of the universe, the earth and its environments, and the evolution of living organisms. Consideration will be given to fundamental processes by which organisms grow and reproduce, how they interact with their environments, and the distribution to major groups of organisms on earth. The ecological roles of organisms will be studied at the level of the individual, the population and the community. The causes and consequences of past and present changes in the earth's environment will be discussed on scales from local to global. The course will conclude with a consideration of the causes and consequences of human alterations of the earth's environment with discussion of the implications for the management of the earth and its ecosystems. The course grade will be based on a midterm exam and a final exam, plus successful completion of the required weekly laboratory exercises. There are no prerequisites for this course and no science background is assumed. The course is appropriate for all first year students, irrespective of intended concentration. Cost:3 WL:4 (Teeri)

140. Genetics and Society. (3). (NS)
This course is designed for students not concentrating in the sciences. The course will provide students with a background in genetics, 1) to allow them to understand and appreciate some of the latest developments in genetics reported in the local and national press, 2) to discuss the social history of the field of genetics, 3) to introduce students to "the scientific method" as applied to genetics, and finally 4) to discuss aspects of genetics which have a bearing on our everyday lives. Topics to be discussed will include, but not be limited to (in no particular order): genetics, race and IQ; forensic applications of genetic fingerprinting; gene therapy; recombinant DNA technology and possible environmental concerns, T.D. Lysenko and the communist ideal, the human genome project, genetic diseases and therapeutic abortion. The course will meet three times a week; one hour will be devoted to discussion. Course evaluation will be based on exams (consisting mainly of questions requiring short essay answers) and one or more term papers. (Adams)

152. Introduction to Biology: Term A. Chem. 130 or the equivalent, or Chemistry 210 placement. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 195. (4). (NS).
First term of a two-term introductory sequence (152/154) intended for concentrators in biology, other science programs or preprof studies. Other suitably prepared students wishing detailed coverage of biology are also welcome. The aims of Biology 152/154 are 1) to provide factual and conceptual knowledge, 2) to afford experience in obtaining and interpreting biological hypotheses, 3) to give an integrated overview of modern biology and 4) to develop thinking and writing skills. Topics in Biology 152 are divided among four areas: (a) cellular and molecular biology, (b) genetics, (c) evolution, and (d) ecology. Students MUST: 1) attend 3 lectures and one 3-hour lab/discussion section each week; 2) ATTEND THEIR ASSIGNED LAB/DISC MEETINGS EACH WEEK STARTING WITH THE FIRST WEEK OR THEIR SPACE MAY BE GIVEN TO SOMEONE ON THE WAITING LIST; and 3) RESERVE the times and dates for the midterm and final exams (as specified in the Time Schedule) before enrolling. There will be two midterm exams and a final exam. Students usually purchase a textbook, lab manual and course pack consisting of a syllabus and lecture notes. No other study guides or supplementary materials need be bought. For honors credit, register in lecture 002 of Biology 152 and ANY lab/disc, plus Biology 153. For further information contact the Biology 152/154 office, 1563 CCL Bldg (764-1430). Cost:3 WL:2, but go to 1563 CCL.

Chemistry (Division 334)

The Chemistry Department has three types of courses available for students starting out toward careers in any of the sciences, engineering, or medicine. Students are placed into these courses according to the results of the tests in chemistry and mathematics that they take during orientation. In addition there are two distribution course, Chem 101 offered in the Fall Term and Chem 100, in the Winter Term.

For students interested in the sciences, engineering or medicine, either Chem 130 or Chem 210/211 can be their starting point. Students who have had a strong course in high school (which may include AP credit in chemistry) are advised to start in Chem 210 and 211, the laboratory course that accompanies it. Chem 130 is recommended for all other students. Section 400 of Chem 130 is reserved for students who would benefit from a smaller lecture section and more frequent contact with both senior faculty and teaching assistants.

Students who have had little or no laboratory work in high school should plan to elect Chem 125 with Chem 130. other students electing Chem 130 may postpone laboratory to a subsequent term.

125. General and Inorganic Chemistry: Laboratory. To be elected by students who are eligible for (or enrolled) Chem. 130. (2). (NS).
This laboratory course can be elected with, or following, Chem 130 or 230. It is intended that students planning to enroll in Chem 130 that have had little or no previous chemistry laboratory enroll concurrently in Chem 125. The focus of this guided inquiry laboratory is to foster critical thinking that allows students to design, perform, and interpret experiments. An emphasis is placed on what constitutes valid data and provides the burden of proof for testing hypotheses and theories. In addition, the student acquires technical skills that are required for further advancement in experimental sciences. Although an ability to collect and analyze data in a quantitative manner is developed, the emphasis of the course is to provide a qualitative understanding of the basic concepts of chemistry. This is accomplished by demonstrating that chemical principles are derived from experimental data. The format of the course is organized into three sections. Pre-laboratory reading and questions are completed prior to the four-hour laboratory. The second component is performance in the laboratory. The third begins in the last hour of the laboratory where individual data are shared, evaluated, and discussed. Students then provide a laboratory report based on the combined data of the section. A one-hour lecture provides support for the topics that are investigated in the laboratory. Microcomputer simulations also supplement the student's laboratory experience. There are two one-hour written examinations, scheduled for Tuesday evenings, that constitute 25% of the grade. The remaining 75% of the grade is based on the acquired in the laboratory points. Refer to the Time Schedule for examination dates and times. Cost:2 WL:2 (Penner-Hahn, Kerner)

130. General Chemistry: Macroscopic Investigations and Reaction Principles. Three years of high school math or Math. 105; one year of high school chemistry recommended. Placement by testing, or permission of Chemistry department. Intended for students without AP credit in chemistry. No credit granted to those who have completed Chem. 123 or 124. (3). (NS).
This General Chemistry course is intended to fulfill the one term chemistry requirement for students interested in science, or as a natural science elective for non-science concentrators. This course may also be used as the first term in a four or more term chemistry sequence (probably 130, 210/211, 215/216, 340 etc.) for science concentrators and pre-professional students. Chemistry 130 is intended for students without AP credit in Chemistry.

Chemistry 130 provides an introduction to the major concepts of chemistry, including the microscopic picture of atomic and molecular structure, periodic trends in the chemical reactivity, the energetics of chemical reactions and the nature of chemical equilibria. Students will be introduced both to the fundamental principles of modern chemistry, the descriptive chemistry of the elements, and to the underlying theories that account for observed macroscopic behavior. In Chem 130, students will learn to think critically, examine experimental data, and form generalizations about data as chemists do. Chem 130 will meet three times each week in lecture sections with senior faculty (the intensive section will have four lectures a week), and once a week in small group discussion classes led by graduate teaching assistants (the Comprehensive Study Program discussion class will meet three times a week). Lecturers and teaching assistants will have scheduled office hours for after class help, and computerized study aids will be available to all students. Course grades will be determined from discussion class evaluation, 3 one-hour examinations (Tuesday nights) and a final examination. See Time Schedule for examination times and dates.

The intensive lecture section (section 400) is intended for those students who would benefit from a smaller lecture section (maximum 100 students) and more lectures so that the pace is slower and there is more feedback. Placement by LSA testing or permission of the the Chemistry Department (Room 1500 Chemistry) is needed for enrollment in this section. The CSP discussion section is intended for those students who would benefit from more group study meetings with a graduate teaching assistant. Permission of the Comprehensive Studies Program is needed for enrollment in this section. Cost:4 WL:2 (Rasmussen, Hallada)

210. Structure and Reactivity I. High school chemistry. Placement by examination during Orientation. To be taken with Chem. 211. (4). (NS).
Chemistry 210 is the first course in a two-term sequence in which the major concepts of chemistry are introduced in the context of organic chemistry. Emphasis is on the development of the capacity of students to think about the relationship between structure and reactivity and to solve problems in a qualitatively analytical way. This course is a particularly good first course for students with AP credit in chemistry, Honors students and other students with a strong interest in chemistry and biology. The course has three lectures with the professor and one hour of discussion with a teaching assistant per week. There are three hour examinations (Tuesday nights) and a final examination. See Time Schedule for examination times and dates.

NOTE: This course is linked to Chemistry 211. The recitation sections for Chemistry 210 and the corresponding laboratory sections for Chemistry 211 are listed together in the Time Schedule under Chemistry 210. Students must elect both Chemistry 210 (for 4 credit hours) and Chemistry 211 (for 1 credit hour). Cost:3 WL:2 (Staff)

211. Investigations in Chemistry. To be taken with Chem. 210. (1). (NS).
Chemistry 211 is an laboratory introduction to methods of investigation in inorganic and organic chemistry. Students solve individual problems using microscale equipment and a variety of techniques such as thin layer chromatography, titrations, and spectroscopy. The course consists of a four-hour laboratory period with a teaching assistant under the supervision of the professor. Students keep laboratory notebooks, which also serve as laboratory reports. Grades are based on performance in the laboratory and the laboratory notebooks.

NOTE: This course is linked to Chemistry 210. The laboratory sections for Chemistry 211 are listed in the Time Schedule along with the recitations sections for Chemistry 210. Students must elect both Chemistry 210 (for 4 credit hours) and Chemistry 211 (for 1 credit hour). Cost:1 WL:2 (Staff)

Classical Studies

The Department of Classical Studies believes that the literature, monuments, and social institutions of the ancient world, together with the reflections of the Greek and Roman thinkers about their own cultures, are of unique value in themselves, well worth our contemplation and understanding; and that as we attempt to learn about and appreciate classical civilization, we necessarily learn as well a variety of contemporary methodologies and disciplines.

The department offers three groups of courses for distribution, those in Classical Civilization (introductory courses that require no knowledge of Greek or Latin), courses in Classical Archaeology, and upper level language courses in Greek and Latin authors or genres. While only a few courses are repeated in yearly or biennial rotation, most courses are offered less regularly. This system guarantees that the instructor approaches the subject each time with fresh impetus. We believe in a healthy change and variation in our course offerings. The undergraduate advisor of the Department of Classical Studies will consider and, if appropriate, authorize other classical civilization, literature, and archaeology courses for distribution credit upon request by students during the first drop/add period each term.

Classical Civilization offerings include the general surveys of Greek and Roman civilizations (CC 101 and 102), which provide (through readings, lectures, and discussions) a broad understanding of the literatures, thought, and social development of ancient Greece and Rome, and thus provide the student with knowledge of and appreciation for our cultural origins, as well as an acquaintance with modern methods for understanding an ancient culture. These courses are taught each year. CC 101 is offered in the Fall and CC 102 is offered in the Winter. Other courses provide understanding of particular aspects of the ancient world, approached from a variety of disciplines and studies -- literary, philosophical, historical, sociological, and so on. Some students (particularly those who have already developed special interests in such disciplines) may wish to explore one of these topics without having had a broader introduction.

Classical Archaeology offerings include the broad surveys of the archaeology and monuments of Greece (Cl.Arch 221--offered in the Fall) and Rome (Cl.Arch 222--offered in the Winter) and a general introduction to archaeological field methods (Cl.Arch 323). Other courses use the material remains of specific cultures both to introduce students to the diversity of the ancient world and to demonstrate how, through a variety of multi-disciplinary approaches, the archaeological record can be used to reconstruct the life-ways of past societies.

Courses in Classical Archaeology (Division 342)

221/Hist. of Art 221. Introduction to Greek Archaeology. (4). (HU).
This course surveys the history and art of Crete and Greece as revealed by archaeology from the third millennium through the 4th century B.C. In the prehistoric period, particular attention is given to architectural and ceramic developments as well as to the crosscurrent of trade and economic contacts among Asia Minor, Crete, and mainland Greece. Emphasis is also given to the impact archaeology has had on views and theories of history: the destructions of the civilizations of Crete and Troy, the end of the bronze age, the volcanic eruption of Thera. In the historic period, major artistic developments in architecture, sculpture, and painting are considered and special attention is given to social interpretations: temples as banks and monasteries; sculpture as dedication, decoration, and commemorative propaganda; architectural sculpture as realized myth. Discussions in the sections will concentrate on the historical background, archaeological field techniques, methods of dating and stratigraphy. The sections will meet in the Kelsey museum where it will be possible to work with the actual ancient artifacts recovered in University of Michigan excavations. There are two one-hour examinations and a final, as well as illustrated lectures and assigned readings. Cost:2/3 WL:1 (Pedley)

Classical Greek (Division 385)

101. Elementary Greek. Graduate students should elect Greek 502. (4). (LR).
In combination with Greek 102, this is the first half of a year-long introduction to ancient Greek and is designed to prepare students for the reading of Greek texts. Greek 101 concentrates on fifth-century B.C. Attic Greek which was the language of the "golden age" of Athens. The Greek language of that time and place represents a cultural and linguistic central point from which students can pursue their own interests within a wide range of Greek literature which extends from the Homeric epics to the Byzantine era and which includes the archaic, classical, and hellenistic periods as well as the KOINE Greek of the New Testament. The purpose of the course is to develop the fundamentals of the language so that these fundamentals can then be applied to whatever area of ancient Greek students wish to pursue. Cost:2 WL:1 (Dillery)

Modern Greek (Division 433)

101. Elementary Modern Greek. Graduate students should elect Modern Greek 501. (4). (LR).
An introductory course in language with special emphasis on developing speaking skills. Most of the classroom time is spent on drills and on elementary dialogues among the students and between the students and the instructor. A creative approach to language learning is followed, whereby the class simulates everyday life situations and the students are asked to improvise responses to those situations. Instruction also focuses on elementary grammar and syntax. Homework involves preparation for the dialogues and drills. Additional exercises - at home and in the classroom - include descriptions of objects and contexts, problem-solving, interviews among students, and conversion of dialogues into narratives. (Van Dyke)

Latin (Division 411)

Elementary Courses

Two convictions are basic to the Elementary Latin Program of the Department of Classical Studies: (1) it is possible for every able-minded person to master the basic facts of a foreign language and (2) the learning experience leading to such a mastery is a privilege that is very specifically human and ought to be most satisfying. Essential facts of morphology, syntax, semantics, vocabulary, history and culture are taught, and a knowledge of these facts enables students to understand Latin written by the famous authors of the Golden Age. Since at least 50% of the vocabulary of an educated speaker of English is Latin in origin, English vocabulary improves as Latin stems and derivatives are learned. The program normally takes four terms to complete. A placement test may be taken at the beginning or end of a term, and a student may succeed in placing out of one or more courses in the introductory sequence.

In the Elementary Latin Program, the department is offering Latin 101, 102, 193, 231, and 232. Latin 101 (see below) is for students with little or no previous Latin. A placement examination will determine the appropriate course for other students who enter the elementary sequence. Students with questions about which course to elect are encouraged to visit the department office in 2016 Angell Hall, 764-0360, or contact Professor Knudsvig in 2012 Angell Hall, 764-8297.

101. Elementary Latin. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 103, 193, or 502. (4). (LR).
All of the assigned tasks/exercises in Latin 101 are directed toward the reading and translation of Classical Latin and not toward writing or conversation. The course has as its primary objective the acquisition of a fundamental understanding of basic Latin grammar. The text for the course is Knudsvig, Seligson, and Craig, LATIN FOR READING. Latin 101 covers approximately the first half of the text. Grading is based on quizzes, class participation, hour examinations, and a final. Cost:1 WL:3 (Staff)

102. Elementary Latin. Latin 101. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 193 or 502. (4). (LR).
All of the assigned tasks/exercises in Latin 102 are directed toward the reading and translation of Classical Latin and not toward writing or conversation. The course continues the presentation of the essentials of the Latin language as it covers the last half of Knudsvig, Seligson, and Craig, LATIN FOR READING. Extended reading selections from Plautus (comedy) and Eutropius (history) are introduced. Grading is based on class participation, quizzes, hour examinations, and a final. Cost:1 WL:3 (Staff)

193. Intensive Elementary Latin I. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 101, 102, 103 or 502. (4). (Excl).
This course is a rapid introduction to Latin and is intended for students with little or no prior Latin. Upperclass undergraduates in such fields as history, medieval or renaissance literature, or linguistics and who need to acquire a reading competence in Latin as quickly and as efficiently as possible should elect this course. So should other undergraduates who intend to continue the study of Latin and want a rapid introduction that enables them to take upper-level Latin courses as soon as possible. This first term course covers elementary grammar and syntax. Cost:1 WL:1

231. Introduction to Latin Prose. Latin 102 or 103. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 194, 222, or 503. (4). (LR).
This course reviews grammar as it introduces students to extended passages of classical Latin prose through selections from such authors of the first centuries B.C. and A.D. as Caesar and Livy. Class discussions center upon the readings. Grading is based on class participation, quizzes, hour examinations, and a final. Cost:1 WL:3 (Staff)

232. Vergil, Aeneid. Latin 231 or 221. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 194, 222, or 503. (4). (LR).
SECTIONS 001 and 003.
The goal of this course is simple: to learn to read extensive passages of Vergil's Aeneid, with comprehension and enjoyment. Careful attention is paid to Vergil's style, the more common poetic features he employs, mythological references, and the relation of the text to the life and time of the Emperor Augustus. Quizzes, hour exams, a two-hour final, and regular participation in class will determine the course grade; there are no papers. Cost:2 WL:1 (Staff)

SECTION 002. The goal of this course is simple: to read extensive passages of Vergil's Aeneid with comprehension and enjoyment. To the degree that there is mastery of the paradigm forms and the principal parts of the most common irregular verbs, the daily assignments will be made easier. Careful attention is paid to Vergil's style, the more common poetic features he employs, mythological references, and the relation of the text to the life and times of the Emperor Augustus. Three hour exams, a two-hour final, and regular participation in class will determine the course grade; there are no papers. In-class translation is followed by a discussion of the text under consideration that day. (Nissen)

Intermediate Courses

301. Intermediate Latin I. Latin 194, 222, 232 or equivalent. (3). (HU).
The primary goal of this course is to serve as an introduction to the study of Latin literature, and, through the literature, of Roman culture. Texts by major poets and prose authors will be read with a view to their literary, historical, and political contexts. Translation, and review of morphology and syntax as needed, will be stressed. There will be quizzes, a midterm, and final exam. Cost:2 WL:3,4 (Garbrah)

401. Republican Prose. Latin 301 or 302 or permission of instructor. (3). (HU). May be repeated for a total of 9 credits.
Section 001: Cicero's Orations.
We will read two or three speeches by the renowned late Republican orator Cicero. The first aim of the course is to ensure that all students can read Latin prose with confidence; to that end, we will review grammar as required and try to increase reading speed. Beyond that, we will look at Cicero's speeches in their historical context and also as polished products of Roman rhetoric at its very best. Grades will be based on several short papers, a mid-term, and a final examination. Books should cost less than $50. (Frier)

Classical Civilization (Division 344)

Courses in this division do not require a knowledge of Greek or Latin. They are intended for students who wish to acquire knowledge of ancient literature, life, and thought, and of the debt modern civilization owes the Greeks and Romans.

101. Classical Civilization I: The Ancient Greek World (in English). No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Great Books 191 or 201. (4). (HU).
This course serves as an introduction to the civilization of ancient Greece from its beginnings to the Hellenistic age. All reading is in English translation. Lectures will trace the development of Greek literature and thought within the context of Greek society. Literature read includes THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY of Homer; selected homeric hymns; selected tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides; selected comedies of Aristophanes; selections from the historians Herodotus and Thucydides; and philosophical writings of Plato and Xenophon. The readings average about 90 pages per week. There will be a midterm, two brief papers, and a final examination. Freshmen Honors students in Honors sections will write enough to meet the Introductory Composition requirement. This course is the first of a two-term series. Classical Civilization 102 is offered in the Winter Term and represents an equivalent treatment of the civilization of ancient Rome. It is recommended that the course be taken as a sequence, but it is not required. Cost:3 WL:4 (Dillery)

372. Sports and Daily Life in Ancient Rome. (4). (HU).
Readings include selections from ancient writers in translation and from recent scholarship on topics in Roman history and society available in a course pack obtainable from AccuCopy at the corner of Maynard and East William. In the lectures we begin with some background on Roman religion and history and then consider the different social classes and their lifestyles; the second half of the course deals with the major sports of chariot racing, gladiator fights, and wild beast hunts, and also includes activities at the baths. Grades will be based upon midterm and final examinations and upon participation in class. (Potter)

Communication (Division 352)

100. Public and Interpersonal Communication. Not open to seniors. (3). (Excl).
This course focuses on helping students to develop effective public and interpersonal communication skills. We will review the basics of communication theory and models of effective communication in interpersonal and public settings. The emphasis of the course will be on creating opportunities of learning by doing and on encouraging students to reflect on their performance in communication activities both within and outside of the course. Verbal communication is typically an activity which receives little attention in our daily lives and is rarely addressed in most courses. It is our philosophy, however, that oral communication is a critical life skill which requires both effort and thought to fully develop. Cost:2 WL:1

Computer Science (Division 353)

183/EECS 183. Elementary Programming Concepts. (4). (NS).
This is an introductory course for students who do not plan to concentrate in computer science or engineering. The course is designed to give students a good fundamental knowledge of programming techniques in a high-level language. Suggested as a prerequisite for CS 280 for students whose programming background is not strong. Students who know how to program, but want to learn Pascal as a means of getting into 280 should not take 183, but Engineering 104 instead. Introduction to a high-level programming language, top-down design, and structured programming. Basic searching and sorting techniques. Basic data structures; arrays and records; introduction to pointers and dynamic data structures. No previous experience in computing or programming is assumed. Students will write and debug several computer programs. Computer Usage: five or six assignments are given, each requiring the student to write and debug programs using THINK Pascal on the Macintosh microcomputer. (Ford-Holevinski)

280/EECS 280. Programming and Introductory Data Structures. Math. 115 and (CS 183 or 284 or Engineering 104, or by placement test in PASCAL). (4). (NS).
The goals of this course include concepts of information representation, algorithms, processes and processors, syntax, semantics, data structures and grammar. Students learn the basics of programming style, debugging, error control, computational correctness, and program verification. Prerequisites include advanced algebra and first term calculus, and computer literacy (knowledge of Pascal). Topics include techniques of algorithm development and effective programming in Pascal and in the C language, top-down analysis, structured programming, testing and program correctness. Program language syntax and static and run-time semantics. Scope, procedure instantiation, recursion, abstract data types, and parameter passing methods. Structured data types, pointers, linked data structures, stacks, queues, arrays, records, and trees.

283/EECS 283. Programming and Computer Systems. CS 183 or Engin. 103 or 104. Not intended for CS or Computer Engineering concentrators. (4). (NS).
This course is an extension of CS 183. A firm knowledge of Pascal which need not include dynamic data structures is prerequisite. Advanced topics in Pascal, including the implementation of linked lists, trees, and hashing. Searching and sorting techniques. Students will write several programs in Pascal. Computer Usage: four or five homework assignments requiring use of an IBM mainframe computer are required. (Flanigan)

Economics (Division 358)

201. Principles of Economics I. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 400. (4). (SS).
Economics 201 concentrates on the microeconomics of the modern economy: how prices and quantities of goods and services are determined under competitive conditions as well as in other types of markets; the determination of wage rates and the distribution of income; the public sector; and related topics of current interest. The course format consists of three one-hour lectures per week (either Section 100 or 200) taught by the professor and one and a half hours of discussion per week (Section 101-116, 201-216) taught by a teaching assistant. Grades are based largely on course-wide hour tests and the final exam, but there will be homework and quizzes in the sections. Economics 201 is the first part of the two-term introduction to economics. Both 201 and 202 are required as prerequisites to the concentration and to upper level courses in economics. Cost:3 WL:None. For information about overrides, call the Undergraduate Office at 763-9242.(Section 100: Gerson; Section 200: Porter WL:none.

English Composition Board (Division 360)

Placement in ECB Writing Practicum or Transfer Writing Practicum is determined by the ECB Writing Assessment Test given during orientation to all entering LSA students and all students required by their program. After the test, the ECB notifies academic units of their students' placements, and the academic unit counselors convey the information to the students. Freshpersons may receive the following placements: ECB Writing Practicum, Introductory Composition, Introductory Composition with Writing Workshop, Exempt with Writing Workshop or Exemption. Transfer students receive placements of Transfer Writing Practicum, English 220, Exemption with Writing Workshop, or Exemption.

Those students placed in ECB practicums must enroll in an ECB course as the first part of their writing requirement. No substitute will satisfy the College writing requirement.

ECB Practicum courses meet for 2 hours twice a week: in addition each student has a required weekly half hour conference with the instructor. To enroll in the ECB course, students should select a section compatible with their schedule from the LSA TIME SCHEDULE, from updated course lists at department counseling offices, or from the corrected LSA TIME SCHEDULE outside 1213 Angell Hall. Students should register for their selected section at CRISP.

Any student who fails to attend the first class meeting and has not notified the instructor or department in writing may be dropped from the class by action of the instructor or department. At the same time, students are responsible for their own schedules and must process all drops through CRISP.

Students who receive the placement of Exemption with Writing Workshop come to the ECB Writing Workshop, 1025 Angell Hall, during their first term of enrollment to receive writing instruction before being certified for Exemption. No student with a Mandatory Writing Workshop placement may graduate without certification.

Students are welcome to visit the ECB office at 1025 Angell Hall to discuss their writing assessment test or to ask for course information.

See the introduction to this COURSE GUIDE for information about the LSA Junior/Senior Writing Requirement and for a list of those courses approved by the ECB for satisfaction of that requirement.

100. Writing Practicum. ECB Assessment. (2). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit. (TUTORIAL). May be elected for a total of four credits for any combination of ECB 100-105.
ECB Writing Practicum 100 is a two credit course offered September 9 to October 22. Students place into Practicum on the basis of their assessment essay. Each section of ECB 100 has a maximum enrollment of 16. Students meet with their instructor four hours each week in class and once a week in half-hour individual sessions. The writing instruction is designed to meet indiviual needs. At the end of the Practicum, each student prepares a portfolio of his/her writing which is read and evaluated by two ECB lecturers. On the basis of writing skills demonstrated in the portfolio. Practicum students are assigned to the appropriate level of the College writing program. NOTE: A few sections of ECB 100 are linked to specific content-area courses. These sections meet two hours per week for the full term. (Staff)

Section 002. The ECB Practicum-Pyschology 111 Program enable students to fulfill both their practicum requirement at the same time that they complete the introductory course work required for most advanced psychology courses. The program links section 002 to Psychology 111, a general introduction to psychology both as a social science and a natural science. The class of sixteen students meets two hours per week for the full term. Each student receives half hour individual instruction each week for the full term. Students put together a portfolio which is read and evaluated by two ECB lecturers. On the basis of writing skills demonstrated in the portfolio, practicum students are assigned to the appropriate level of College writing program. Registration by override only.

Section 004. Suitable for students planning a concentration in history. Especially useful for students currently enrolled in History 110, 121, 151, 160, or 161. The class of sixteen students meets two hours per week for the full term. Each student receives half hour individual instruction each week. Students put together a portfolio which is read and evaluation by two ECB lecturers. On the basis of writing skills demonstrated in the portfolio, practicum students are assigned to the appropriate level of College writing program. Registration by override only.

Section 005. Suitable for students planning a concentration in the lab sciences. Especially useful for students currently enrolled in a Natural Science lab course such as Biology 100, Chemistry 123, etc. The class of sixteen students meets two hours per week for the full term. Each student receives half hour individual instruction each week. Students put together a portfolio which is read and evaluated by two ECB lecturers. On the basis of writing skills demonstrated in the portfolio, practicum students are assigned to the appropriate level of College writing program. Registration by override only.

Section 006. Suitable for students planning a concentration in the social sciences. Especially useful for students currently enrolled in Psychology 171, Political Science 140, Sociology 100, or Cultural Anthropology. The class of sixteen students meets two hours per week. Students put together a portfolio which is read and evaluated by two ECB lecturers. On the basis of writing skills demonstrated in the portfolio, practicum students are assigned to the appropriate level of College level writing program. Registration is by override only.

Section 007. A 14-week Practicum that focuses on issues of Race and Ethnicity. The course is not linked to any other course or discipline, but students may be interested in the subject matter for this thematic Practicum. The class of sixteen students meets two hours per week for the full term. Each student receives half hour individual instruction each week. Students put together a portfolio which is read and evaluated by two ECB lecturers. On the basis of writing skills demonstrated in the portfolio, practicum students are assigned to the appropriate level of College writing program.

Section 027. Suitable for students enrolled in a Studio Art of History of Art course, or who have a special interest in art, art history, or architecture. The class of sixteen students meets two hours per week for the full semester. Each student receives half hour individual instruction each week. Students put together a portfolio which is read and evaluated by two ECB lecturers. On the basis of writing skills demonstrated in the portfolio, practicum students are assigned to the appropriate level of College writing program. Registration by override only.

101. Writing Practicum. ECB Assessment. (2). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit. (TUTORIAL). May be elected for a total of four credits for any combination of ECB 100-105.
ECB 101 is offered October 28 to December 10. For description, see ECB 100.

For all English classes, registered students must be present at each of the first two meetings to claim their places. Any student who does not meet this requirement may be dropped from the course. NOTE: If you must miss a class due to religious observances, contact the instructor or leave a message for the instructor with the department (764-6330).

English Language and Literature (Division 361)

WRITING COURSES:

After taking or placing out of Introductory Composition, students may elect English 225 for further practice in the fundamentals of expository and argumentative prose. English 325 offers the opportunity for work in argumentative and expository prose at a more advanced level.

Several sections of English 223, the beginning course in creative writing, are available each term; the work is multi-generic, and two of the following will be covered in each section: fiction, poetry, and drama. More experienced writers may apply for admission to specialized sections of English 227 (Playwriting), English 323 (Fiction or Poetry), English 423 (Fiction), English 427 (Playwriting), and English 429 (Poetry). Admission to these advanced courses is by permission of the instructor, who will require writing samples.

124. College Writing: Writing and Literature. ECB writing assessment. (4). (Introductory Composition).
By connecting the two terms of its title, Writing and Literature aims to help prepare the student to produce the range and quality of expository prose expected in college courses. Works of literature will be considered for their effective use of language and argument. They will serve as reference points for thinking and writing strategies. Characteristically, sections of English 124 will involve the writing of a minimum of six essays, with considerable attention given to the preparation of drafts and to revision. The literary works which will serve as points of reference will vary from section to section and from term to term.

Individual section descriptions are available for reference in 224 Angell Hall.

125. College Writing. ECB writing assessment. (4). (Introductory Composition).
Like English 124 (Writing and Literature), English 125 (College Writing) prepares students for the various kinds of academic writing required of them as undergraduates at the University of Michigan. In addition to informal exercises or impromptu essays, students can expect to write six or more formal papers exemplifying the various modes of discourse which comprise our academic community. (Staff)

Individual section descriptions are available for reference in 224 Angell Hall.

230. Introduction to Short Story and Novel. (3). (HU).
Rather than a comprehensive survey of the short story and novel, this course offers an introduction to the basic techniques of analyzing prose fiction. Beginning with short stories, students learn to define questions of narrative construction, voice, characterization, theme, and style. As critical facility increases, the course will consider more challenging and in some cases experimental fiction. At least three novels will be read in addition to numerous short stories. Students should expect to read substantial amounts of fiction, to participate in class discussions, and to write several short literary analyses. Other individual section descriptions will be available in 224 Angell Hall.

Section 001 - Short Story. Honors. PURPOSE AND DESIGN OF COURSE:To read a substantial number of short stories (and two novels) by well-established writers of the past and of the present in order to develop strategies of interpretation beyond mere "plot" and "characterization." Our method will be comparative; in other words, during class periods we will read stories that in some way have apparent similarities and our task will be to expose their differences. At about midway in the term we will carefully read and analyze two novels, probably Ernest Hemingway's THE SUN ALSO RISES and Nathanael West's DAY OF THE LOCUST. Among the writers covered: Tolstoy, Chekhov, Dostoevski, Hawthorne, Melville, Jewett, Cather, Lawrence, Hemingway, Faulkner, Fitzgerald, O'Conner, Ellison, Atwood, Oates, Lessing, Gordimer, Mason, and others. PREREQUISITES: None. What is wanted here is an interest in reading with a willingness to explore one's own capacity for critical and creative thinking. PROCEDURES: There will be no mid-term. In its place there will be frequent in-class writing exercises based upon materials read for that week. Toward the end of the term there will be a longer out-of-class paper based upon materials read during this course. In addition, students will keep a special notebook in which they log their reactions to each story assigned. There will also be a final exam. WL:1 (Eby)

Section 002. We will read during the term a number of works of prose fiction, all of which are drawn from the recent historical past. Authors and works include Ernest Heminway, In Our Time and The Old Man and the Sea; James Joyce, Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man; J.D. Salinger, Nine Stories and Raise High the Room Beam, Carpenters; V.S. Pritchett, On the Edge of the Cliff and Dead Men Leading. The Reading List deliberately includes works of short fiction only so that you can study the techniques and effects of these works intensely. In addition, the first, third, fifth and seventh books named above are examples of the "short story composite," i.e., a short story publication collected and arranged by the author. We will accordingly examine the proposition that such books have important dimensions beyond the import of the individual stories contained within them, that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts." The other four books, all short novels by the same authors, will help us to elaborate on and modify such ideas and to explore other concepts as well, coming finally to appreciate in greater depth what philosophical and aesthetic richness prose fiction is capable of achieving. Since class discussion is paramount, steady attendance is required. Regular journal entries (frequent study questions provided for stimuli), two essays outside of class (1,200 words and 2,000 words) and two-hour final examination constitute the writing requirements. Possible essay topics for the shorter essay generated by students; individualized topic for the longer essay generated through individual conferences with Professor Heydon. Chief goal of the course is to have fun reading and understanding fiction, first to encourage and then to refine your direct perception and reaction to the written words. Small class size (22 maximum) becomes an intimate and jolly throng of literary enthusiasts. Cost:2 WL:1 (Heydon)

Section 003. In this course we will read short stories and novels from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and attempt to develop a common vocabulary for discussing and analyzing fiction. Our aim will be to become comfortable with traditional categories of literary analysis such as plot and characterization, theme, voice and style. We will pay particular attention to how and why authors from vastly different cultures and historical moments might choose the novel or short story form to convey their visions, and how they adapt the form they have chosen to their specific purposes. We will pair or group texts that treat similar issues in different ways, hoping that the contrasting choices various authors make about how to tell their stories will complicate and illuminate each other. Two novels we will surely read will be The French Lieutenant's Woman by John Fowles and Ceremony by Leslie Marmon Silko. Other readings, including one other novel, will be selected from among such authors as Hawthorne, Twain, Melville, Poe, James, Wharton, Chopin, Dostoevsky, Mansfield, Fitzgerald, Wright, Baldwin, Borges, Kundera, Tan, Morrison, Cisneros, and Walker. Required Texts: The French Lieutenant's Woman, John Fowles Ceremony, Leslie Marmon Silko and One other novel. Required work: Active participation in class discussion, Brief written responses to the readings, Two 4-6 page papers, Final exam. (Marren)

Section 004. This course will serve as an introduction to both formal and cultural aspects of literature. We will therefore explore plot and character development as well as the relationship between literature and culture in general. We will focus on American and British literature from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and we will examine both classics and popular works. The course is designed around questions of identity; the short stories and novels we will be looking at ask: How is identity made? How do characters negotiate their identities? Which aspects of identity (e.g., gender, race, class, profession, nationality) emerge as culturally important and/or problematic? Short stories we will be reading include: Hawthorne "The Birthmark," Conan Doyle "The Man with the Twisted Lip" and "The Adventure of the Cardboard Box," Cheever "The Country Husband," Drabble "A Voyage to Cythera," Carter "Company of Wolves" and "Wolf-Alice," Lawrence "The Horse-Dealer's Daughter," Atwood "Rape Fantasies," Woolf selections from A Room of One's Own, Mansfield "The Daughters of the Late Colonel," Faulkner "A Rose for Emily, " Olsen "Tell me a Riddle, " Barth "Life-story, " Malamud "The Magic Barrel, " James "The Beast in the Jungle," Wharton "The Other Two," Mukerjee "Orbiting," Tan selections from The Joy Luck Club, and Erdrich selections from Love Medicine. We will be reading three novels: Dickens Great Expectations, Morrison The Bluest Eye, and Le Guin The Left Hand of Darkness. We will end the course by seeing a film, Imitation of Life, and by asking whether the techniques we have learned for reading short stories and novels can be applied to films. There will be 2 short papers, a midterm, and a final. (Booth)

Section 006. What is the relation between stories and their writers and readers? How do authors appear in(or disappear from) their works? How do we as readers enter into fictional worlds, or do we remain outside observers looking in? When we read, are we the author's partner, ally, enemy, or nothing at all? Designed for those who are curious to examine more deeply what it means to read fiction, this introductory course will explore these and other questions in connection with a broad variety of short stories and novels. To focus our discussion, we will look at works that raise issues about reading, writing, and interpreting literature. Readings may include Caleb Williams, by William Godwin; Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley; stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe; "The yellow Wallpaper," by Charlotte Perkins Gilman; To the Lighthouse, by Virginia Woolf, stories by Gabriel Garcia Marquez; The Hour of the Star, by Clarice Lispector; stories by Jorge Luis Gorges; Tracks, by Louise Erdrich. Required work will include lively class participation, brief reader's responses to each selection, two 4-5 page essays and a final 6-8 page essay. (Richards)

Section 008. In this class, we will read novels and short stories from a variety of authors, time periods, and cultures. As we read, we will consider several important questions: Why do we like to read novels and short stories? What makes fiction interesting? How does reading affect the ways in which we think about our own lives? The point of this class is to read extensively, to enjoy what we read, and to think carefully about the meanings that fiction hold for us. We will read short stories by Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Ellison, Joyce Carol Oates, Louise Erdrich, Graham Greene, Alice Walker, Raymond Carver, Julio Cortazar, Franz Kafka, and others. The novels we read will be drawn from the following: Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea, Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles, John Fowles's The French Lieutenant's Woman, Evelyn Waugh's A Handful of Dust, James Baldwin's Another Country, Elizabeth Bowen's The Death of the Heart, Jenry James's Turn of the Screw, Toni Morrison's Beloved, and Fanny Flagg's Friend Green Tomatoes. As we read, we will discuss the ways in which fiction is important in our lives. Course requirements will include a short essay (4-6 pages), a longer final paper (6-8 pages), a midterm, a final exam, regular attendance, active discussion, and frequent one-page response papers. (Miller)

Section 009 - Fictions of American Individualism & Community. In this class we will look at a variety of American fictions that depict a spectrum of individuals and relationships. These narratives are about madness and martyrs, friends and enemies, supportive and hostile communities. We will ask what each text offers as they create stories that help us to understand how lives were lived at the time of their writing, as well as how we understand some of the relevant issues today. We will also ask about the "representativeness" (an important term in the experiment of American democracy) of these characters and the stories told about them. As a way of examining such questions we will analyze the stylistic and narrative conventions employed by the authors in order to more fully understand these fictions and to enhance our skills and experiences as readers. We will read a fair amount of fiction, although much of it will be shorter works; for the sake of intellectual variety and interest we might also choose to see a few movies together and to discuss them. The goal of the seminar will be to develop our critical reading and writing skills as we explore issues of style, narrative, genre, voice, characterization, and tradition. Required Texts: Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne-Nathaniel Hawthorne Short Stories of Herman Melville-Herman Melville; Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl-Harriett Jacobs; Pudd'nhead Wilson-Mark Twain; The Country of the Pointed Firs-Sarah Orne Jewett; The Awakening-Kate Chopin; The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man-James Weldon Johnson Yonondio-Tillie Olsen; Invisible Man-Ralph Ellison; The Book of Daniel-E.L. Doctorow; The Death of Jim Loney-James Welch; Beloved-Toni Morrison. Required Work: Regular class participation, Biweekly written response to assigned reading 4 papers: 3 shorter essays, 1 longer. (Levenstein)

245/Res. College Hums. 280/Theatre 211. Introduction to Drama and Theatre. (4). (HU).
See Theatre and Drama 211. (Cardullo)

Environmental Studies Program (Division 366)

The Environmental Studies Program is designed to complement a student's training in a particular academic discipline. Although the name "Environmental Studies" suggests that the Program is limited to the study of the environment, the Environmental Studies Program emphasizes courses concerned with HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONS. The Program is not a concentration program although a student may emphasize environmental studies in the LSA Individual Concentration Program (ICP).

The program offers Environmental Studies 320 as its introductory course. This course introduces students to the wide range of disciplines in the College and University which relate to environmental issues. Second-level courses provide a variety of perspectives from which to view and analyze areas of environmental concern. Since the spectrum of courses offered at this level varies from year to year, students should consult the Time Schedule for current information. Third-level courses include Environmental Studies 420 and 421. They enable students versed in environmental studies to focus on a particular issue. The student is responsible for defining a plan of study, enlisting others with similar interests (if appropriate), and locating a faculty member willing to supervise. In addition to the multidisciplinary approach to the study of human-environment relations reflected in these courses, the Program offers a number of cross-listed courses which analyze humans and the environment from the perspective of a given discipline.

320. Introduction to Environmental Studies. (4). (Excl).
This overview of environmental issues emphasizes their human dimension. Its primary objective is to help students become more ecologically literate, able to think critically about environmental issues, to know how to find and evaluate information on them, and to understand their historical, social, and political dimensions. While the class addresses some scientific aspects of the environment, it focuses on how history, literature, and the social sciences contribute to our understanding of environmental concerns. Different speakers in the class discuss environmental topics from different perspectives, so students see how assumptions shape interpretation of the "facts." Students are encouraged to challenge and question the lecturers. Weekly discussion sections permit exploration of environmental issues, attitudes, and possible solutions. Students complete several assignments and a group project. The written work includes critical analyses of lectures and related articles. The course requires a high level of student participation and initiative. Cost:2 WL:4 (Bardwell)

353/Physics 250. Energy, Entropy, and Environment. Two and one-half years of high school mathematics, or any college course in mathematics or natural science. (3). (NS).
See Physics 250. (Rycus)

360/Geology 280. Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment. May not be included in a concentration plan in geology. (4). (NS).
See Geological Sciences 280. (Kesler)

Film and Video Studies (Division 368)

236/RC Hums. 236. The Art of the Film. (4). (HU).
See Residential College Humanities 236. (Cohen)

Geography (Division 374)

201/Geology 201. Introductory Geography: Water, Climate, and Mankind. Those with credit for GS 111 may only elect Geog. 201 for 3 credits. (4). (NS).
See Geological Sciences 201. (Stearns)

Geological Sciences (Division 377)

A. Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators

G.S. 100-115 are short (half-term) courses. They consist of detailed examinations of restricted geologic topics. The department lists the specific courses from this series in the Time Schedule for the terms they are offered (fall and winter terms only). Each course, when offered, meets twice weekly for half of the term (first half or second half), and the specific dates for each course are printed in the Time Schedule. These courses are designed primarily for students with no prior geologic training and they are open to all interested persons. G.S. 100-115 are offered on the graded pattern (optional pass/fail).

100. Coral Reefs. (1). (NS).
Coral Reefs will be an in-depth tour of the biological and physical processes active in modern reef systems to provide a detailed understanding of the ecology of the individual organisms and the complex nature of their interactions within the reef community. Evolution of the reef community will be examined, ranging from the crude framework structures formed over one billion years ago by primitive algae to the luxuriant and diversified reefs of the modern-day oceans, to define the evolutionary strategies of reef building organisms. By tracking these evolutionary strategies through geologic time, the implications of man's intervention with the Earth's hydrosphere and atmosphere on the character of future reef communities will be considered. Cost:1 WL:4 (Meyers)

101. Waves and Beaches. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 276. (1). (NS).
This short course approaches the subject of "waves and beaches" by combining relevant topics in both oceanography and geology, although no previous background in these subjects is required. We shall attempt to understand this dynamic place where land and sea interact by emphasizing the processes responsible for the major types of coastlines and the geologic/oceanographic phenomena associated with them. Some of the topics which will be considered include: fundamentals of wave and tide theory; the impact of waves and tides upon beaches; coastal geology; coastal processes on a short- and long-term time scale; estuaries; and, the impact of plate tectonics upon coasts. Instruction will be by lecture. Grades will be based on one exam which shall be given at the end of the course. Cost:2 WL:1 (Wilkinson)

103. Dinosaurs and Other Failures. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 273. (1). (NS).
This course will provide an introduction to our current understanding of dinosaurs and certain other reptilian groups of the Mesozoic Era. It is intended for students with an interest in geology, paleontology, or evolution, but does not require prior training in these fields. The course will deal with broad features of the evolutionary history of dinosaurs, methods of reconstructing dinosaur behavior and ecology, new developments in our interpretation of the biology of dinosaurs, and possible causes for the extinction of dinosaurs. There will be two lectures each week and a single exam at the end of the course. Cost:1 WL:3 or 4 (Cox)

105. Continents Adrift. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 205. (1). (NS).
In this one-credit course we will explore the mobility of the continents and oceans in present and past times. The goals of this course are to present the most exciting recent developments in the earth sciences, a unifying concept that explains ocean evolution, mountain building, earthquakes and volcanoes. Conceptual and factual material will be used to explain the principles of plate tectonics and the dynamics of the solid earth. No special background is needed. Evaluation is based on final exams. Cost:1 WL:4 (Stamatakos)

107. Volcanoes and Earthquakes. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 205 or 271. (1). (NS).
The course is a study of the earth in action and includes the following topics: geography of earthquakes and volcanoes; catastrophic events in historic times; size and frequency of occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions; the products of volcanism; volcanic rocks; volcanic activity through geologic time; volcanic exhalations and the evolution of the earth's atmosphere and oceans; relationship of earthquakes and volcanoes to plate tectonics and the internal dynamics of the earth; volcanism and geothermal energy; manmade earthquakes; and earthquake prediction and control. Instruction by lecture, evaluation on basis of final exam. Cost:$0 WL:1 (Lange)

111. Climate and Mankind. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 201 or 275. (1). (NS).
The intent of GS 111 is to give a heightened awareness to students of the nature and fragility of the Earth's climate, and how changes in climate have affected past civilizations and may affect our future. Course topics will include: a description of the climate systems of the Earth, the atmosphere, oceans and polar ice caps; the information we gather to understand the history of those systems; how changes in climate have affected past civilizations, and what may happen to the planet if the predicted "Greenhouse Effect - Global Warming" finally arrives. Cost:1 WL:4 (O'Neil)

114. The Elements. High School math, physics, and chemistry. (1). (NS).
This lecture course introduces the origin, abundance and distribution of the elements in the solar system. It is intended for students with an interest in science. The topics include: a review of the periodic table of the elements; stellar evolution and synthesis of the elements; nuclear properties and their relation to the abundance of the elements and their isotopes; chemical properties and their relation to the distribution of the elements in planets and in different reservoirs of a planet. Prerequisites: high school math, physics and chemistry. Evaluation on the basis of a final exam. Cost:2 WL:NA (Zhang)

115. Geologic Time. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 135. (1). (NS).
Until the middle of the 18th century the Earth was generally thought to be less than 10,000 years old, and according to many, close to its apocolyptic end. We now know that the Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago and that the entire history of mankind is nothing but the latest tiny fraction of Earth history. This course explains the formation of rocks, continental drift, volcanoes and earthquakes. It will discuss the discovery of time from the Renaissance to the latest high tech developments in radioactive dating. Finally, the history of planet Earth will be described including its accretion out of dust and giant impacts, the origin of the Moon, the formation of the atmosphere and oceans, the development of life and the building of continents. The course will draw upon examples meaningful to the student to illustrate the principles. Lectures twice weekly for half the term. Course pack provides most of the diagrams. A final one hour examination. Cost:1 WL:3/4 (Mukasa)

117. Introduction to Geology. Credit is not granted for G.S. 117 to those with credit for an introductory course in geology (GS 116, 118, 121, 122, or 218). No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 119. Those with credit for GS 205 may only elect GS 117 for 4 credits. (5). (NS).
A basic single-term course in introductory geology concentrating on the Evolution of the Earth in physical and chemical terms with particular reference to modern plate tectonic theory. Reference to the interaction of the external biosphere-atmosphere-hydrosphere with the Earth's interior is an essential component of the course. The laboratory provides a practical study of minerals, rocks and geologic maps. One hour each week is scheduled for review and discussion of topics covered in class. Lectures, laboratory and discussion. Cost:2 WL:4 (Kesler and Lohmann)

118. Introductory Geology Laboratory. Credit is not granted for Geol. 118 to those with credit for an introductory course in geology (GS 116, 117, 121, 122, or 218). (2). (Excl).
The laboratory provides hands-on experience with minerals, rocks and maps. Participants will learn to identify common minerals and rocks, use topographic and geologic maps, and draw and interpret geologic cross sections. Examples will be drawn from areas of recent glaciation, volcanism and earthquakes to show how these features are depicted in maps. Cost:2 WL:4 (Kesler and Lohmann)

119. Introductory Geology Lectures. Credit is not granted for G.S. 119 to those with credit for an introductory course in geology (GS 116, 118, 121, 122, or 218). No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 117. Those with credit for GS 205 may only elect GS 119 for 3 credits. (4). (NS).
This course consists of lectures shared with Geology 117 but does not include the laboratory section. A separate discussion section is also scheduled to insure continuity with class material and student-teacher contact. Students interested in ONE-TERM laboratory introductory science course should elect Geology 117. Lectures and discussion. Cost:2 WL:4 (Kesler and Lohmann)

135. History of the Earth. High school chemistry, physics and mathematics recommended. Those with credit for GS 115 may only elect GS 135 for 2 credits. (3). (NS).
This course provides a broad and fundamental introduction to the Earth and explains the formation of rocks and the major geological features, as well as the changes that have occurred over the 4.5 billion years of Earth history. The course is intended for students considering a Geological Sciences concentration, as well as for students interested in studying Earth sciences as part of their general educational background. Topics include minerals and the formation of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, fossils and the evolution of life, the interior of the Earth, the measurement of time, continental drift, and the effect of the Earth's atmosphere, climate, oceans and rivers on shaping the surface of the Earth. The history of the planet will be followed from Earth's accretion from dust, through the origin of life, the building of the current continents and ocean basins, and the origin of humankind. Lectures three times a week for the full term. Textbook required. Evaluation will be based on three exams. Cost:2 WL:3/4 (Bodenbender)

201/Geography 201. Introductory Geography: Water, Climate, and Mankind. Those with credit for GS 111 may only elect GS 201 for 3 credits. (4). (NS).
This course is a basic introduction to the field of physical geography and emphasizes many topics including maps, seasons, time, the atmosphere, greenhouse gasses, radiation and heat balance, the dangers of global warming, circulation, moisture and precipitation, air masses (fronts), and water supply. Students also study climate classification, and historical changes in global climate. Students in this lecture-lab course are evaluated by midterm and final examinations with satisfactory completion of the lab work a prerequisite to the final course evaluation. Cost:3 WL:3 (Stearns)

204/AOSS 204/Astronomy 204. The Planets: Their Geology and Climates. High school mathematics through plane geometry and trigonometry. Those with credit for GS 113 may only elect GS 204 for 2 credits. (3). (NS).
This course will present current perspectives on the evolution of the solar system in both an historical context and in light of the extraordinary scientific advances resulting from recent space exploration. The principal focus will be on the structure, composition and evolutionary history of the surfaces and atmospheres of the planets and their satellites. Special emphasis will be given to comparative aspects of geology, meteorology and climatology as developed on the various bodies of the solar system. Concepts of space exploration techniques will also be presented. The course is intended for non-science concentrators and other students with typical high school science and math backgrounds. Not open to students who have received credit for GS 113. Cost:1-2 WL:4 (Pollack and Atreya)

205. How the Earth Works: the Dynamic Planet. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 117 or 119. No credit granted to those who have completed both GS 105 and 107. Those with credit for one of GS 105 and 107 may only elect GS 205 for 1 credit. (2). (NS).
The dynamic Earth has given us oceans, continents and an atmosphere. Its continuing activity is manifested today by the destructive powers of such natural phenomena as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and mountain building. The unifying concept of plate tectonics contains the clue to the shape and changes in the physical environment of the Earth from its initial formation to today. The goal is to present a fully integrated approach to the evolving Earth's unique features in our solar system and explain its physical and chemical principles using conceptual and factual material. Extensive use is made of videos, slides and classroom demonstrations. Two lectures/week; evaluation based on midterm and final exam. No special background required. Course reading: Earth Science and the Environment by Thompson and Turk. This course can be taken singly or concurrently with its companion course (GS 206); together they constitute a balanced introduction to modern earth sciences. Cost:2 WL:1 (van der Pluijm)

206. How the Earth Works: the Water Cycle and Environment. Those with credit for GS 109 may only elect GS 206 for 1 credit. (2). (NS).
This course describes behavior of earth materials in the surficial environment. Water is the main transport agent in the geological cycle; it's unique properties and exchange rates among oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwater are one focus. Interaction between water reservoirs and physical and chemical weathering of soils, sediments and rocks also are discussed. Impact of humans on the surficial environment is a unifying theme because we can affect hydrologic and geochemical cycles. No special background required. Two lectures and one optional discussion session per week. Several field sessions are planned to collect water and sediment samples for follow-up lab analyses. Evaluation based on three exams and participation. Readings include The Global Water Cycle: Geochemistry and Environment (Berner and Berner). This course, and its companion course (GS 205), may be taken singly or concurrently and together constitute a balanced introduction to modern earth science. Cost:3 WL:2 (L. Walter)

222. Introductory Oceanography. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in AOSS 203. (3). (NS).
This course introduces students to the scientific study of the oceans. Contents include the shape, structure, and origin of the ocean basins; the sedimentary record of oceanic life and conditions in the past; the composition of seawater and its influence on life and climate; waves and currents; the life of the oceans and how it depends upon the marine environment; the resources of the ocean and their wise use by society. The course format consists of lectures and readings from an assigned textbook. The course grade will be based on three one-hour exams and a two-hour final exam. Cost:2 WL:4 (Rea)

223. Introductory Oceanography, Laboratory. Concurrent enrollment in G.S. 222. (1). (NS).
This course is an optional laboratory intended to provide students with opportunities to explore further various oceanography topics presented in the G.S. 222 lectures. Laboratory sessions will include sampling procedures, use of equipment, discussions, and demonstrations of how data are generated and interpreted to help understand the oceans. The course grade will be based on written laboratory exercises and a final exam. Cost:1 WL:4 (Rea)

231. Elements of Mineralogy. Prior or concurrent enrollment in Chemistry 125/130 or 210/211. (4). (Excl).
This course is a comprehensive introduction to the nature, properties, structures, and modes of occurrence of minerals. The first three-fourths of the course (three lectures per week) considers the general features of minerals and includes topics such as introductory crystallography, crystal chemistry, and introductory phase equilibria. During the last portion of the course, the principal rock-forming minerals such as feldspars, pyroxenes, and olivines are individually reviewed with respect to properties, structures, genesis, and other characteristics. The laboratory (one three-hour laboratory each week) is divided into three sections: (1) three weeks of morphological crystallography, (2) six weeks of systematic mineralogy during which students become familiar with the properties and associations of approximately seventy-five significant minerals, and (3) four weeks of introduction to the use of the polarizing microscope as applied to both crushed mineral fragments and rock thin sections. There is one required field trip. Introductory optical mineralogy is covered in five of the recitation classes. Geology 231 is a prerequisite to the professional concentration program in the Dept of Geological Sciences. Cost:3 WL:3 (Peacor)

271. Natural Hazards. Those with credit for GS 107 or 205 may only elect GS 278 for 2 credits. Those who have credit for both GS 107 and 205 may only elect 278 for 1 credit. (3). (NS)
This seminar will explore various kinds of natural hazards, with emphasis on geological hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. The particular emphasis will be dynamically modified due to the influence of current events, The contents include: case studies; how scientists describe and study dynamic geologic phenomena; geological processes that cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions; and the current status of prediction research. An additional important component will be how society and individuals can live in close proximity to geological hazards. Students will be active participants in the reading, presentation, and discussion of material. Substantial reading is required, as is a written paper and exam. Students will be expected to present an oral report on their paper's topic. (Ruff)

280/Environ. Stud. 360. Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment. May not be included in a concentration plan in geology. (4). (NS).
Geology 280 deals with mineral resource-related problems in a complex society. The course discusses the origin, distribution and remaining supplies of oil, coal, uranium, iron, copper, gold, diamonds, potash, sulfur, gravel, water, and other important mineral resources in terms of the economic, engineering, political and environmental factors that govern their recovery, processing and use. Among topics considered are the origin of oil, mineral exploration methods, strip mining, recycling, smelting methods, transport of oil, money and gold, nuclear waste disposal, and taxation vs. corporate profits. Three lectures and one discussion per week. Evaluation by means of quizzes, exercises, and a final exam. No previous background in geology is necessary for this course. This course cannot be used as part of a concentration plan in Geological Sciences. Cost:2 WL:4 (Kesler)

Germanic Languages and Literatures

Courses in Dutch (Division 357)

111. First Special Speaking and Reading Course. Graduate students should elect Dutch 511. (4). (LR).
This course provides the student with the basics of the Dutch language. We mainly use the monolingual course-book LEVEND NEDERLANDS (LIVING DUTCH) and each lesson from the book will consist of everyday conversation, a grammatical explanation, exercises, a coherent word list, questions about the conversation, discussion, and homework. To enliven the class the teacher will provide the students with songs, newspaper articles, comics, etc. Films and video will be used where possible. Books: LEVEND NEDERLANDS, Cambridge University Press, New York; W. Z. Shetter, INTRODUCTION TO DUTCH, Nijhoff, The Hague; Bruce Donaldson, A DUTCH VOCABULARY, AE Press, Melbourne, 1985. J. Hulstijn, M. Hannay, An ENGLISH SELF-STUDY SUPPLEMENT TO LEVEND NEDERLANDS, Amsterdam, 1981. Also recommended: B.C. Donaldson, DUTCH REFERENCE GRAMMAR, The Hague, Nijhoff, 1981. Cost:2 WL:3 (Broos)

German Courses (Division 379)

101. Elementary Course. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 100. (4). (LR).
First course of a two-term sequence in elementary German. The first-year program is designed to develop the ability to understand and speak "everyday German", to develop reading and writing skills, and to get to know the German-speaking world through discussions and readings. Ample opportunity is provided to develop conversational skills in a wide variety of situations encountered in German-speaking cultures. Additional time outside of class is required to listen to cassettes, to watch videos, to work on the computer, to read, and to study the structure of the German language. There are chapter tests and a final. The language of instruction is German. Cost:2 WL:2

103. Review of Elementary German. Assignment by placement test or permission of department. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 100 or 102. (4). (LR).
Course for students who have had two to three years of high school German or one or more terms of college German - not at the University of Michigan - but who are not yet at second-year performance level. This course is designed to develop the ability to understand and speak "everyday German," to develop reading and writing skills, and to get to know the German-speaking world through discussions and readings. Ample opportunity is provided to develop conversational skills in a wide variety of situations encountered in German-speaking cultures. Additional time outside of class is required to listen to cassettes, to watch videos, to work on the computer, to read, and to study the structure of the German language. There are three major tests and a final. These sections meet FIVE times per week. Students may enroll in 231 upon satisfactory completion of this course. The language of instruction is German. Cost:2 WL:2

231. Second-Year Course. German 102 or the equivalent (placement test). No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 230 or 221. (4). (LR).
Third of a four-term sequence in contemporary German. The second-year, or intermediate, program is designed to increase students' proficiency in understanding, speaking, writing, and reading German. Students are expected to increase the level of accuracy at which they can express themselves and the range of situations in which they can function in German-speaking cultures. There will be an intermediate grammar review and selected readings. There are three hourly tests and a final examination. Students write essays related to class readings. The language of instruction is German. Cost:3 WL:2

232. Second-Year Course. German 231 or the equivalent (placement test). No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 230 or 236. (4). (LR). Some sections of German 232 address special topics, e.g., music, philosophy, science, current political issues, etc.
Second course of a two-term sequence in contemporary intermediate German. The second-year program is designed to increase students' proficiency in understanding, speaking, writing, and reading German. Students are expected to increase the level of accuracy at which they can express themselves and the range of situations in which they can function in German-speaking cultures. They will be able to read, comprehend, and discuss a large variety of texts. Traditional whole class instruction is supplemented with communicative activities involving pairs or small groups of students. There are three hourly tests and a final examination. In addition, students write essays related to class readings. The language of instruction is German. Cost:2 WL:2

Section 002 - The Geography of German. This section will deal with two interrelated topics: Landeskunde (Geography) and Dialektologie (Dialectology). What differentiates Northern Germany from Southern Germany? Zürich from Berlin? Vienna from Hamburg? Is it more than mountains or oceans, the way holidays are celebrated, the stories that children are told, the politics, the regional costumes, the food served at breakfast, or the jokes? Where does the question of variation of language over space fit into this question? We will look at the topographical and cultural geography of German-speaking Europe; as part of this process, we will consider in some depth the question of language variation over space, or dialectology. Course materials will include: a course pack for readings, maps, and dialect atlases (which will be held on reserve). Evaluation will be based on a number of short essays, two (short) exams, quizzes, and participation and quality of contribution. The language of instruction is German. (Lippi-Green)

Section 004 - Music. It is the purpose of this section to help students with a strong interest in music to apply their German language skills to this area. The will be done in a variety of ways which will be brought together in a course pack. (a) The most obvious area is music based on German texts, not only Romantic Lieder (Schubert, Schumann), but also some motets (Schütz), cantatas (Bach), librettos (Mozart, Wagner), and some modern Lieder (Mahler, Wolf, Schönberg). (b) A second group of readings will comprise texts written by German musicians (Mozart's letters, Schumann's essays, various performers' lectures). (c) The third body will consist of short articles - biographical, historical, analytical - on music and musicians, written in German and unavailable in English. Both students with performing ambitions and those with a primarily historical or receptive interest in music should thus be able to integrate their German studies into their future careers. The language of instruction is German. (Seidler)

Section 005 - Opera. In this segment, we will study one complete German opera and substantial selections from three others. Primary emphasis will be on the texts. We will also experience these operas as musical drama through tapes and/or videos after becoming familiar with the texts. The approach to the music will be non-technical, but students will be expected to learn some basic German musical terms related to opera. The works selected are highlights in the history of German opera: Die Zauberflöte by Mozart, Fidelio by Beethoven, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg by Wagner, and Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss. The Strauss opera was written in collaboration with the great Austrian poet and dramatist Hugo von Hofmannsthal, with the result that the libretto is of a high literary quality in its own right. This text will be read in its entirety. The language of instruction will be German. Students will write frequent short papers in German and will be asked to make one brief oral presentation in German. (Crichton)

Section 006 - Regional Literature. This section, to be offered together with Section 002 - The Geography of German - will explore the concept of "Heimat" ("homeland") in its historical and literary contexts. How has the definition of "Heimat" changed over time, and what does it mean for German-speaking people from different places in different historical periods? How did Hitler's Reich pervert the concept? How did the displacement and exile of hundreds of thousands of German-speaking people recast it? What kind of language and metaphor are used in literature that evokes a "Heimat"? The partner section of this course (002) looks at the topographical and cultural geography of approximately six geographic regions in German-speaking Europe; in this section, we will follow that study with an analysis of representative literature from these regions by some of the best known authors of Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, ranging from the early 19th century to the present. Course materials will include: a course pack for readings, maps, video tapes of the TV film "Heimat" (to be held in the Language Resource Center). Evaluation will be based on several short essays, one or two hourly exams, quizzes, and participation and quality of contribution. The language of instruction is German. (Blicke)

325. Practice in Writing and Speaking German. German 232 or the equivalent. (3). (Excl).
The sequence of German 325 and 326 is required for concentration in German. It is primarily intended to improve fluency and accuracy in written and spoken German. One hour each week is devoted to a systematic grammar review including translation from English to German. The remaining class time is devoted to German conversation based on readings and topics chosen at the discretion of the individual instructor. A German essay of one or two pages is assigned approximately every week. One or more five-minute oral presentations may be required. There are midterm and final examinations. Cost:2 WL:2

350. Business German. German 232 or the equivalent. (3). (Excl).
This is an introduction to the vocabulary, practices and procedures found in German business activity. Included are the nomenclature of office procedure, business letters and reports. In addition the course examines the German educational and political system from the standpoint of business practices, such as merchandising and advertising. The reading consists of the reading of actual business, merchandising and advertising material. There is a midterm and a final examination, and the writing of papers and translations during the course is required. The text consists largely of a course pack and a basic text. Cost:1 WL:4 (Fabian)

Scandinavian Studies (Division 471)

First and second year SWEDISH (Swedish 103, 233) will be offered Fall Term, 1993. Taught by a lecturer from Sweden, an experienced language teacher, Swedish can be used to meet the LS&A language requirement. The program also has a third-year advanced seminar for students with proficiency in Swedish. It is Scand. 430, Colloquium in Scandinavian Literature.

Any students who would like to concentrate in Scandinavian Studies must complete two years of Swedish. Second-year proficiency in Swedish is required to participate in the University of Michigan exchange program with the University of Uppsala, Sweden. For further information, contact
Marion Marzolf, Program Director
2092 FB
(747-5353).

103. Elementary Swedish. (4). (LR).
For students with little or no previous knowledge of Swedish, this course provides a basic introduction to Swedish vocabulary and grammar, with the emphasis placed on developing communicative language skills. Extensive practice in listening, speaking and reading and writing. The students will be evaluated on the basis of class participation, assignments and tests. The teacher is a native speaker from Sweden. Cost:2 WL:1 (Olvegård)

Great Books (Division 382)

191. Great Books. Open to Honors freshmen only. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Gt. Bks. 201 or Classical Civ. 101. (4). (HU).
Great Books 191 will survey the classical works of ancient Greece. Among the readings will be Homer's ILIAD and ODYSSEY; a number of the plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes; Herodotus' HISTORIES; Thucydides' HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR; and several of Plato's dialogues. The course format is two lectures and two discussion meetings a week. Six to eight short papers will be assigned; there will be midterm and final examinations. Great Books 191 is open to freshmen in the Honors Program, and to other students with the permission of the Director of the Great Books Program. Cost:2 WL:3 (Cameron)

201. Great Books of the Ancient World. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Gt. Bks. 191 or Classical Civ. 101. (4). (HU).
Self-Knowledge, Shapes of Hell, and Journeys into New Lands.
Using the best available English translations, we will read, discuss, and write about seven books: the Gilgamesh epic, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Plato's Republic, Apollonius' Argonautica (the story of the voyage of Jason in the ship Argo to get the golden fleece), Virgil's Aeneid, and Lucan's Civil War. "Know yourself," commanded Apollo's ancient oracle at Delphi; a poet wrote, "Knowing yourself, be it." The discovery of and growth into the self will be our central focus as we learn about defining journeys in the lives of Gilgamesh, Achilles, Odysseus, Socrates, Jason, Aeneas, and Cato (he emerges as the hero of freedom in the civil war between Pompey the Great and Caesar). Their travels will be physical in space and time, psychological, moral/ethical, intellectual, spiritual, or some combination of these. Realizing heaven will require both literal and metaphoric descents into hell. In the end, we should know not only who these figures are and how they became themselves, but also a good deal more about who we are as human beings and what potential, for good or bad, resides within us. Our conversation with and about these ancients will require about a dozen pages of writing in several shortish papers, a midterm, and a final Entering freshmen are especially welcome. (Wallin)

246/GNE 246. Great Books of the Medieval and Modern Middle East. (4). (HU).
See GNE 246. (Walker)

History (Division 390)

100-Level Courses are Survey Courses and Introductory Courses for Freshmen and Sophomores

110. Medieval, Renaissance, and Reformation Europe. (4). (SS).
Section 001: Conflict and Change in European History: From the Romans to c. 1700.
History 110 is a survey designed to introduce students to the major themes of European history, beginning with the transformation of the Roman empire into the barbarian kingdoms of the early medieval West. Subsequent topics include the origin of universities, and the evolution of thinking about individuality, nationhood and the nature of political authority. Attention is also given to events in Spain, where for centuries, Christian, Jewish and Islamic cultures evolved along side each other. By way of examining the impact of Europe overseas, the Spanish penetration of Central and South America will be studied in light of both indigenous and European documentation. The course concludes with reflections on the origins of modern political theory and of the scientific method. Readings are from original sources. Lectures are thematic and analytical, and class discussion, as well as written work by students should be anchored in an active engagement with the material, not in passive memorisation. The course, while covering a long time span and very diverse materials, encourages understanding and critical thinking, rather than learning by rote. (MacCormack)

121/Asian Studies 121. Great Traditions of East Asia. (4). (HU).
This is an introduction to the civilizations of China, Korea and Japan. It aims to provide an overview of changing traditions from ancient to early modern times (ca. 1650 AD) by outlining broad trends which not only transformed the society, politics, economy and culture of each country but also laid the ground for future shaping of this region into three distinctly different modern nations. Development of Confucian style governments, the spread of Buddhism, growing gender disparities, functions of scholars and samurai, the meanings of peasant rebellions are some of the topics we will cover. Besides the textbook, we will read contemporary accounts and view films and slides in order to acquire intimate appreciation of these cultures. There are no prerequisites for enrollment. Course requirements include attendance at lectures, participation in discussion sections, and completion of two examinations. Cost:2 WL:3 (Forage)

130/ABS 160. Introduction to the History of the Ancient Near East. (3). (HU).
See GNE 160. (Beckman)

151/University Courses 172/Asian Studies 111. South Asian Civilization. (4). (HU).
See UC 172. (Dirks)

160. United States to 1865. (4). (SS).
This course will focus on changing notions of what America, both as a society and as a polity, stands for. It will turn first to the sources of the growing American self-consciousness in the 18th century; will describe the vision embraced by the founding fathers; will explain the forces which produced a mutation in that vision, creating Jacksonianism; will develop the seeds of self-destruction in the Jacksonian creed; will explain the sources of the suicide of Jacksonian America and the birth of the industrial faith; and will seek to define the residuum which each of these historical movements contributed to modern America. There will be a midterm and final examination. Weekly assignments will amount to perhaps 150 to 200 pages, and will be drawn both from primary sources and from secondary comments. Though designed as a survey, the course presupposes some vague familiarity with the structure of American history; and will therefore desert the strictly narrative, for emphasis on certain episodes and movements which possess symbolic value. Cost:5 WL:4 (Thornton)

161. United States, 1865 to the Present. (4). (SS).
History 161 has three basic objectives. First, we expect you to gain a better understanding of some of the social, cultural, political, economic, and demographic forces that have shaped the American experience since the Civil War. Lectures, discussion sections, and readings will focus on transformations in the labor force and workplace; the significance of race, ethnicity, gender and class in defining American identities; changes in family life and community networks; and the shifting scope of the public and private sectors. Second, the staff wants you to refine basic reading and writing skills that can be applied throughout your undergraduate education. There will be a midterm and final examination and several short papers. Finally, the course is designed to give you some historical direction as you think about where you are heading and why. Cost:3 WL:2 (Achenbaum)

170/American Culture 170/University Courses 170/Women's Studies 210. Histories of "Witchcraft." First-year students only. (4). (Introductory Composition).
See American Culture 170.

200-Level Courses are for Sophomores and Upper Class Students

200. Greece to 201 B.C. (4). (HU).
This course presents a survey of history from early states to the Hellenistic kingdoms. Primary emphasis is on the development of society. Students need no special background except an ability to think in broad terms and concepts. Readings are drawn principally from Greek sources in translation. There are two hour examinations plus a final examinations. Discussion sections are integrated with lectures and reading. Cost:2 WL:1

218. The Vietnam War, 1945-1975. (4). (SS).
This course examines the wars that were fought in and around Vietnam from 1945 to 1975, with primary emphasis on the period of heavy American involvement from the mid-1950's. The course seeks to explain the origins, strategy, and impact of U.S. intervention. At the same time the course will explain the motivation of the Vietnam Communists and of their domestic opponents. Thus the Vietnam war will be analyzed both as the longest and most controversial foreign war in American history, and as the climax to an Asian social revolution. Cost:4 WL:4

220. Survey of British History to 1688. (4). (SS).
This course is an introduction to English history from the Anglo-Saxon conquest until the Revolution of 1668. Its focus is necessarily on the main developments and most momentous events in the millennium of history it covers. The first half of the course deals with the formation and consolidation of the English nation and the shocks it endured in the Middle Ages. The development of the monarchy and the Church, the nature of English feudalism and the massive demographic calamities of the fourteenth century are among the themes that will be discussed. The second half of the course covers the dissolution of medieval institutions and society and the creation of a new kind of state and culture. The Chief developments that will be discussed are the Tudor reforms in government, the Protestant reformation, the growth and redistribution of the population and the expansion of the economy. Attention will also be given to early modern social life and popular beliefs. The course will end with a discussion of the political revolutions of the seventeenth century and their significance. (MacDonald)

250. China from the Oracle Bones to the Opium War. (3). (HU).
This course consists of a survey of early Chinese history, with special emphasis on the origins and development of the political, social, and economic institutions and their intellectual foundations. Special features include class participation in performing a series of short dramas recreating critical issues and moments in Chinese history, slides especially prepared for the lectures, and lectures on literature and society in premodern China and Classical Opera (historical significance, intellectual and social themes and roles, and demonstrations). WL:1 (Chang)

251. Modern China. (3). (SS).
History 251 examines the transformation of modern China from 1800 to the present; i.e., from the late Qing empire to the post-Mao era in contemporary China, by means of lectures, reading, and discussion. The main events of 19th and 20th century China and their various interpretations are explored: Chinese state and society at the end of the 18th century; the Opium wars and the establishment of a foreign presence; 19th century rebellions and their consequences; imperialism and reform; the republican revolution; nationalism and social revolution in the 1920's; the development of the Communist movement; war and civil war in the 1930's and 1940's; the People's Republic of China since 1949. About 150 pages of reading a week from text, monographs and translations of contemporary materials. A course paper is required. Midterm and final examinations. Cost:2,3 WL:3 (A.Feuerwerker)

History of Art (Division 392)

History of Art 101, 102, 103 and 108, while covering different areas, are all considered equivalent introductions to the History of art. These three introductory survey courses consider not only art objects as aesthetic experiences but also the interaction which exists between the artist and society. The lecture and discussion sections explore various historical, social, religious, and intellectual phenomena which are reflected in the style and content of works of art. Attention is also given to the creative act and to the problems of vision and perception which both the artist and his public must face. The three courses are numbered sequentially but they do not form a sequence.

Although it would be logical to move from History of Art 101 to History of Art 102, either History of Art 101 or 102 along with History of Art 103 and 108 serve as a satisfactory introduction to the history of art.

Course requirements and texts vary with individual instructors, but an effort is always made to introduce students to works of art in the collections of the university as well as in the museums of Detroit and Toledo. Most of the upper division courses in history of art require one of these three introductory courses as a prerequisite. The introductory courses are directed toward students interested in the general history of culture and are especially valuable cognates for students in the fields of history, philosophy, literature, and musicology as well as the creative arts. Photographic material is available for study in the Fine Arts Study Room in the Modern Languages Building. Examinations usually include short essays and slides which are to be identified, compared, and discussed.

101. Near Eastern and European Art from the Stone Age to the End of the Middle Ages. (4). (HU).
This course offers an introduction to major monuments and periods of art from antiquity through the Middle Ages. Its purpose is not only to acquaint students with key works of Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Romanesque and Gothic architecture, sculpture and painting, but also to help them develop a vocabulary for the description and analysis of works of art, and to provide them with a basic understanding of the methods and aims of art historical study. Lectures will be supplemented by weekly discussion sections, several of them to be held in the Kelsey Museum and in the Museum of Art. Readings will be drawn from a general art historical survey and other texts; written work will consist of two short papers, a midterm and a final examination. This course, with H.A. 102, is meant to provide a foundation in the history of art; it is a prerequisite for many higher-level courses in the department. Cost:3 WL:4 (Sears)

102. Western Art from the End of the Middle Ages to the Present. No credit granted to those who have completed 104 and 105, or 150. Two credits granted if only 104 or 105 has been completed. (4). (HU).
A chronological survey of the visual arts created within Western traditions over nearly seven centuries. The great formal and expressive range, and the rich contextual variety of architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics and decorative arts which have been produced within this period necessitate a highly selective presentation in lecture format (to meet three times weekly). Also, a weekly discussion session encourages students to exercise visual analysis skills and to further explore various ideas and issues intimately tied to works of art: the artists who made them, the patrons who commissioned them, the social-historical forces affecting production, changing criteria of interpretation, their materials and techniques. Course work will consist of weekly readings in the survey text (F. Hartt), a short paper, a midterm and a final examination. No prerequisites. Cost:3 WL:4 (Hennessey)

103. Arts of Asia. (4). (HU).
This course will take a topical approach to the arts of Asia rather than attempt a broad survey. One segment will trace the transmission of Buddhist arts (particularly architecture, painting, and sculpture) across northern Asia from the tradition's origins in India across China and into Japan. The Ming/Qing capital of Beijing and the Tokugawa capital of Edo (modern Tokyo) will be analyzed as symbols of political power. The course will also examine the social values inscribed in secular painting and graphic arts such as Chinese landscape painting, Indian miniatures, and Japanese wood block prints. Course work will include two short essays, a midterm and a final exam. No prerequisites. Freshmen and sophomores especially welcome. (Reynolds)

108/CAAS 108. Introduction to African Art. (3). (Excl).
This is a general introduction to the arts of sub-Saharan Africa. It surveys some recent (19th and 20th century) art forms of the continent and concludes with a critical look at African art in Euro-American society. The approach is both historical and ethnographic, reviewing significant developments in art production while exploring some dominant themes in African art. A selective use of visual material - slides, films, art objects - help to illustrate the relationship between art production and environment. It also shows how art functions in the cycle of life in diverse African cultures ranging from decentralized to large complex polities. Texts: A Short History of African Art by Werner Gillon and African Art in the Cycle of Life by R.Sieber and R.Walker. The principle of continuous assessment will apply and will combine records of attendance at lectures and sessions, slide tests, and two short written assignments. (Quarcoopome)

112/Art 112. History of Photography. (3). (HU).
This lecture course will explore the history of photography of the 19th and 20th centuries through a comparative study of photographs, photographers, and theories about the nature of photography. The goal is to create an understanding of the themes and issues, concepts and context associated with the image making - from American and international perspectives. One intent is that at the end of the study the student should be aware of some of the diverse concerns in present day photography and be able to identify its origins and influences. The class should interest students from a wide range of disciplines. Students will supplement lecture and readings by participation in small discussions focused on special theoretical topics. Grades will be based on a term project, discussion participation, and two essay slide exams. (Baird)

113/Art 113. Introduction to the Visual Arts. This course is for non art majors only. (3). (Excl).
Visual arts are a part of the human experience in all cultures and all time periods. The ability to appreciate, to understand, and to assess the quality of visual art can enrich a person's life and broaden one's thinking. This course will introduce students having no formal art or art historical background to the major forms of visual expression through human history from the Stone Age to the present. We will examine works of art in various media such as painting, drawing, printmaking, photography, sculpture, architecture, graphics, and industrial design. Students will learn how artists use the language of form to communicate information, to express emotion, to explore the world of nature and the world of the mind. Students will learn the basic techniques of the various media. Students will learn how the art of a time and place defines and expands the boundaries of that culture. Assigned readings and visits to museums and galleries will help students become critical consumers of the visual culture as they learn to see, appreciate, and assess art forms. Requirements include periodic quizzes, a final exam, and a term paper. Students will also make some ungraded drawings and paintings as analytical tools. Cost:3 WL:3 (Kapetan)

211/University Courses 182/Women's Studies 211. Gender and Popular Culture. (3). (HU).
See UC 182. (Simons)

221/Class. Arch. 221. Introduction to Greek Archaeology. (4). (HU).
See Classical Archaeology 221. (Herbert)

285. Introduction to the Art and Architecture of the Islamic World. (3). (HU).
This course introduces the arts of the Middle East and North Africa from the seventh to the seventeenth century, including architecture, painting, and the decorative arts. The course is divided into large epoches within which various typological, stylistic, and thematic issues are treated as unified entities. Throughout an attempt has been made to limit the number of monuments and objects by selecting the best and most representative examples for the questions under discussion. It is hoped that this course will provide a general understanding of the historical evolution and regional variation of Islamic art and perhaps a deeper appreciation of its major themes. Requirements: 2 short papers (3-4 pp.), midterm, and final. Cost:3 WL:4 (Tabbaa)

Judaic Studies (Division 407)

101. Elementary Yiddish. (3). (LR).
This is the first of a two-term sequence designed to develop basic skills in speaking, understanding, reading and writing Yiddish. Active class participation is required as are periodic quizzes, exams, a midterm and a final. The language of instruction will be Yiddish. There are no prerequisites. (Norich)

Linguistics (Division 423)

112. Languages of the World. (3). (SS).
Section 001.
This course is intended for those who are curious about human language but who have not had courses or formal training in linguistics. Students will learn about the structures of a number of different types of languages from around the world; the emphasis will be on how to put sentences together. Additionally, there will be an introduction into the methodology of linguistics, how linguistics analyze the grammar and sound systems of languages. There will be eight problem sets, two midterms, and a final exam. No prerequisite. WL:2. (Myhill)

Section 002. Language is a central concern of humankind and with good reason. As the conduit for most communicative and expressive needs as well as other tasks, it pervades virtually every aspect of human existence. Few realize, however, how truly rich the linguistic universe is until they consider the variety of distinct linguistic devices and practices employed by speakers of the 5000+ individual languages that have been identified to date. Appreciating and being able to explain the range of variety of spoken and written language among various peoples of the world is an essential key to understanding human culture and diversity. This course will focus on two central aspects of language, sounds and structures. In particular, we will examine how languages may differ in their sound systems and structures as well as the common aspects in the sound systems and structures of all human languages. There is no pre-requisite for this course. WL:2. (DeGraff)

210. Introduction to Linguistics. (3). (SS).
Nothing is more distinctly human than our ability to use language. Because of that, we expect that the study of language can provide us insight into the things that combine to make "human nature." Since language is a product of what we call "mind," "culture," and "society," it provides us with concrete data through which we can study those very abstract things. This course is an introduction to the methods which linguists have developed in the process of analyzing and describing human languages. Our study will draw on examples from a large number of the languages of the world. We will look at the sounds of language, how they are produced, and how they are patterned into words. We will study the diverse ways in which individual languages approach the processes of word and sentence formation, while we try to decide if there are processes which are universal to all human languages. In studying these various aspects of language structure, we will focus our attention on such questions as: How does a linguist decide what ought to be studied in a given language? How do we go about collecting data? What techniques do we have for making sense of our data? What kinds of conclusions are we led to and how do we justify these conclusions? What do we do if our methods lead us to different accounts of the same phenomenon? Our answers to these questions will show us the extent to which our understanding of the object of inquiry (language) is influenced by our methods of inquiry. Requirements: (1) weekly exercises (40% of course grade), (2) midterm exam (25%), and (3) final exam (35%). Exercises will be weekly problem-solving assignments, involving analysis of phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or historical data from various languages. WL:2 (Lawler)

211. Introduction to Language. (3). (SS).
From time immemorial human beings have been curious about language -- about its structure, its diversity, its use, and its effects on others. In this course, we will explore the human capacity for language, beginning with the ways language differs from animal communication and with how children acquire language. We will then review major aspects of language structure (sounds, words, sentences) and apply them to discussions of the origin of language, the history of the English language, as well as to discussions of current dialects of English such as Black English. After a brief investigation of the relationship between language and thought, we will consider social attitudes toward language. Here we will debate questions such as: Is sign language a real language or just pantomime? What is "Standard English" and is it better than "dialects" of English? Is there any linguistic evidence supporting the notion of English as a racist and sexist language or is this notion purely an imaginary construct devised to create controversy? The course concludes with an examination of the importance of nonverbal communication (body language) in every day interactions and with an examination of how language is subtly (and sometimes not so subtly) manipulated in advertisements. Course work includes eight short homework assignments, one midterm examination and weekly participation in a computer conference. The final exam is optional. WL:2. (van Hoek)

Mathematics (Division 428)

Elementary Courses. In order to accommodate diverse backgrounds and interests, several course options are available to beginning mathematics students. All courses require three years of high school mathematics; four years are strongly recommended and more information is given for some individual courses below. Students with College Board Advanced Placement credit and anyone planning to enroll in an upper-level class should consider one of the Honors sequences and discuss the options with a mathematics advisor.

Students who need additional preparation for calculus are tentatively identified by a combination of the math placement test (given during orientation), college admissions test scores (SAT or ACT), and high school grade point average. Academic advisors will discuss this placement information with each student and refer students to a special mathematics advisor when necessary.

Two courses preparatory to the calculus, Math 105/106 and Math 109/110, are offered in pairs: a lecture-recitation format and a self-study version of the same material through the Math Lab. Math 105/106 is a course in college algebra and trigonometry with an emphasis on functions and graphs. Math 109/110 is a half-term course for students with all the necessary prerequisites for calculus who are unable to complete a first calculus course successfully. A maximum total of 4 credits may be earned in courses numbered 110 and below. Math 101 and 103 are offered exclusively in the Summer half-term for students in the Summer Bridge Program.

Math 127 and 128 are courses containing selected topics from geometry and number theory, respectively. They are intended for students who want exposure to mathematical culture and mathematical thinking through a single course. They are neither prerequisite nor preparation for any further course.

Each of Math 112, 113, 115, 185, and 195 is a first course in calculus and generally credit can be received for only one course from this list. Math 112 is designed for students of business and the social sciences who require only one term of calculus. It neither presupposes nor covers any trigonometry. The sequence Math 113-114 is intended for students of the life sciences who require only one year of calculus. The sequence Math 115-116-215 is appropriate for most students who want a complete introduction to calculus. Math 118 is an alternative to Math 116 intended for students of the social sciences who do not intend to continue to Math 215. Math 215 is prerequisite to most more advanced courses in Mathematics. Math 112 and Math 113-114 do not provide preparation for any subsequent course. Math 113 does not provide preparation for Math 116 or 118.

Students planning a career in medicine should note that some medical schools require a course in calculus. Generally any of 112, 113, or 115 will satisfy this requirement, although most science concentrations require at least a year of calculus. Math 112 is accepted by the School of Business Administration, but Math 115 is prerequisite to concentration in Economics and further math courses are strongly recommended.

The sequences 175-176-285-286, 185-186-285-286, and 195-196-295-296 are honors sequences. All students must have the permission of an Honors advisor to enroll in any of these courses, but they need not be enrolled in the LSA Honors Program. All students with strong preparation and interest in mathematics are encouraged to consider these courses; they are both more interesting and more challenging than the standard sequences.

Math 185-186 covers much of the same material as Math 115-215 with more attention to the theory in addition to applications. Most students who take Math 185 have had a high school calculus course, but it is not required. Math 175-176 assumes a knowledge of calculus roughly equivalent to Math 115 and covers a substantial amount of so-called combinatorial mathematics (see course description) as well as calculus-related topics not usually part of the calculus sequence. Math 175 and 176 are taught by the discovery method: students are presented with a great variety of problems and encouraged to experiment in groups using computers. The sequence Math 195-296 provides a rigorous introduction to theoretical mathematics. Proofs are stressed over applications and these courses require a high level of interest and commitment. The student who completes Math 296 is prepared to explore the world of mathematics at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level.

In rare circumstances and with permission of a Mathematics advisor reduced credit may be granted for Math 185 or 195 after one of Math 112, 113, or 115. A list of these and other cases of reduced credit for courses with overlapping material is available from the Department. To avoid unexpected reduction in credit, students should always consult an advisor before switching from one sequence to another. In all cases, a maximum total of 16 credits may be earned for calculus courses Math 112 through Math 296, and no credit can be earned for a prerequisite to a course taken after the course itself.

Students with strong scores on either the AB or BC version of the College Board Advanced Placement exam may be granted credit and advanced placement in either the regular or honors sequences. A table explaining the possibilities is available from advisors and the Department. The Department encourages strong students to enter beginning Honors courses in preference to 116 or 215. Other students who have studied calculus in high school may take a Departmental placement exam during the first week of the Fall term to receive advanced placement without credit in the 115-215 sequence.

Students completing Math 215 may continue either to Math 216 (Introduction to Differential Equations) or to the sequence Math 217-316 (Linear Algebra-Differential Equations). Math 217-316 is strongly recommended for all students who intend to take more advanced courses in mathematics, particularly for those who may concentrate in mathematics. Math 217 both serves as a transition to the more theoretical material of advanced courses and provides the background required for optimal treatment of differential equations.

More detailed descriptions of undergraduate mathematics courses and concentration programs are contained in the brochures Undergraduate Programs and Undergraduate Courses available from the Mathematics Undergraduate Program Office, 3011 Angell Hall, 763-4223.

NOTE: For most Mathematics courses the Cost of books and materials is approximately $50 WL:3 for all courses

A maximum total of 4 credits may be earned in Mathematics courses numbered 110 and below. A maximum total of 16 credits may be earned for calculus courses Math 112 through Math 296, and no credit can be earned for a prerequisite to a course taken after the course itself.

105. Algebra and Analytic Trigonometry. Students with credit for Math. 103 can elect Math. 105 for only 2 credits. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Math 106. (4). (Excl).
This is a course in college algebra and trigonometry with an emphasis on functions and graphs. Functions covered are linear, quadratic, polynomial, logarithmic, exponential, and trigonometric. Students completing Math 105/106 are fully prepared for Math 115. Text: Algebra and Trigonometry by Larson and Hostetler, second edition. Math 106 is a self-study version of this course.

106. Algebra and Analytic Trigonometry (Self-Paced). Students with credit for Math. 103 can elect Math. 106 for only 2 credits. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Math 105. (4). (Excl).
Self-study version of Math 105. There are no lectures or sections. Students enrolling in Math 106 must visit the Math Lab during the first full week of the term to complete paperwork and to receive course materials. Students study on their own and consult with tutors in the Math Lab whenever needed. Progress is measured by tests following each chapter and by scheduled midterm and final exams. Math 106 students take the same midterm and final exams as Math 105 students. More detailed information is available from the Math Lab.

109. Pre-Calculus. See Elementary Courses above. No credit granted to those who already have 4 credits for pre-calculus mathematics courses or who have completed or are enrolled in Math. 110. (2). (Excl).
Material covered includes linear, quadratic, and absolute value equations and inequalities; algebra of functions; trignometric identities; functions and graphs: polynomial and rational, trig and inverse trig, exponential and logarithmic; analytic geometry of lines and conic sections. Math 109/110 is offered as a 7-week course in each half of the Fall term for students who despite apparent adequate preparation are unable to complete successfully one of the calculus courses. Math 110 is a self-study version of this course.

110. Pre-Calculus (Self-Paced). See Elementary Courses above. No credit granted to those who already have 4 credits for pre-calculus mathematics courses or who have completed or are enrolled in Math. 109. (2). (Excl).
Self-study version of Math 109. There are no lectures or sections. Students enrolling in Math 110 must visit the Math Lab during the first full week of the term to complete paperwork and to receive course materials. Students study on their own and consult with tutors in the Math Lab whenever needed. Progress is measured by tests following each chapter and by scheduled midterm and final exams. More detailed information is available from the Math Lab.

112. Brief Calculus. See Elementary Courses above. Credit is granted for only one course from among Math. 112, 113, 115, 185 and 195. (4). (N.Excl).
This is a one-term survey course that provides the basics of elementary calculus. Emphasis is placed on intuitive understanding of concepts and not on rigor. Topics include differentiation with application to curve sketching and maximum-minimum problems, antiderivatives and definite integrals. Trigonometry is not used. The text has been Hoffman, Calculus for the Business, Economics, Social, and Life Sciences, fourth edition. This course does not mesh with any of the courses in the other calculus sequences.

115. Analytic Geometry and Calculus I. See Elementary Courses above. Credit usually is granted for only one course from among Math. 112, 113, 115, 185, and 195. (4). (N.Excl).
Background and Goals.The sequence Math 115-116-215 is the standard complete introduction to the concepts and methods of calculus. It is taken by the majority of students intending to concentrate in mathematics, science, or engineering, as well as students heading for many other fields. The emphasis is on concepts and solving problems rather than theory and proof. All sections are given a uniform midterm and final exam. Content. Topics covered include functions and graphs, derivatives, differentiation of algebraic and trigonometric functions and applications, definite and indefinite integrals and applications. This corresponds to Chapters 1-5 of Thomas and Finney. Text: Calculus and Analytic Geometry by Thomas and Finney.

Section 050 will be held in Alice Lloyd Hall. (Halpern)

116. Analytic Geometry and Calculus II. Math. 115. Credit is granted for only one course from among Math. 114, 116, 186, and 196. (4). (N.Excl).
Background and Goals. See Math 115. Content. Topics covered include transcendental functions, techniques of integration, introduction to differential equations, conic sections, and infinite sequences and series. This corresponds to Chapters 6-9 of Thomas and Finney. Text: Calculus and Analytic Geometry by Thomas and Finney.

128. Explorations in Number Theory. High school mathematics through at least Analytic Geometry. (4). (NS).
This course is intended for non-science concentrators and students in the pre-concentration years with no intended concentration, who want to engage in mathematical reasoning without having to take calculus first. Students will be introduced to elementary ideas of number theory, an area of mathematics that deals with properties of the integers. Students will make use of software provided for IBM PCs to conduct numerical experiments and to make empirical discoveries. Students will formulate precise conjectures, and in many cases prove them. Thus the students will, as a group, generate a logical development of the subject. After studying factorizations and greatest common divisors, emphasis will shift to the patterns that emerge when the integers are classified according to the remainder produced upon division by some fixed number (`congruences'). Once some basic tools have been established, applications will be made in several directions. For example, students may derive a precise parameterization of Pythagorean triples a2 + b2 = c2.

147. Mathematics of Finance. Math. 112 or 115. (3). (Excl).
This course is designed for students who seek an introduction to the mathematical concepts and techniques employed by financial institutions such as banks, insurance companies, and pension funds. Actuarial students, and other mathematics concentrators, should elect Math 424 which covers the same topics but on a more rigorous basis requiring considerable use of the calculus. Topics covered include: various rates of simple and compound interest, present and accumulated values based on these; annuity functions and their application to amortization, sinking funds and bond values; depreciation methods; introduction to life tables, life annuity, and life insurance values. The course is not part of a sequence. Students should possess financial calculators.

175. Combinatorics and Calculus I. Permission of Honors advisor. (4). (N.Excl).
Background and Goals. This course is an alternative to Math 185 as an entry to the honors sequence. The sequence Math 175-176 is a two-term introduction to Combinatorics and Calculus. The topics are integrated over the two terms although the first term will stress combinatorics and the second term will stress calculus. Students are expected to have some previous experience with the basic concepts and techniques of calculus. The course stresses discovery as a vehicle for learning. Students will be required to experiment throughout the course on a range of problems and will participate each term in a group project. Grades will be based on homework and projects with a strong emphasis on homework. Personal computers will be a valuable experimental tool in this course and students will be asked to learn to program in either BASIC, PASCAL or FORTRAN. Content. There are two major topic areas: enumeration and graph theory. The section on enumeration theory will emphasize classical methods for counting including (1) binomial theorem and its generalizations; (2) solving recursions; (3) generating functions; and (4) inclusion - exclusion principle. In the process, we will discuss infinite series. The section on graph theory will include basic definitions and some of the more interesting and useful theorems of graph theory. The emphasis will be on topological results and applications to computer science and will include (1) connectivity; (2) trees, Prufer codes, and data structures; (3) planar graphs, Euler's foumula and Kuratowski's Theorem; and (4) coloring graphs, chromatic polynomials, and orientation. This material has many applications in the field of computer science. Course pack.

185. Honors Analytic Geometry and Calculus I. Permission of the Honors advisor. Credit is granted for only one course from among Math. 112, 113, 115, and 185. (4). (N.Excl).
Background and Goals. The sequence Math 185-186-285-286 is the honors introduction to the calculus. It is taken by students intending to concentrate in mathematics, science, or engineering, as well as students heading for many other fields who want a somewhat more theoretical approach. Although much attention is paid to concepts and solving problems, the underlying theory and proofs of important results are also included. This sequence is NOT restricted to students enrolled in the LSA Honors Program. Content. Topics covered include functions and graphs, derivatives, differentiation of algebraic and trigonometric functions and applications, definite and indefinite integrals and applications. Other topics will be included at the discretion of the instructor. Recent text(s): Calculus with Analytic Geometry by Simmons, 6th ed.

195. Honors Mathematics I. Permission of the Honors advisor. (4). (N.Excl).
Background and Goals. The sequence Math 195-196-295-296 is a more intensive honors sequence than 185-186-285-286. The material includes all of that of the lower sequence and substantially more. The approach is theoretical, abstract, and rigorous. Students are expected to learn to understand and construct proofs as well as do calculations and solve problems. The expected background is a thorough understanding of high school algebra and trigonometry. No previous calculus is required, although many students in this course have had some calculus. Students completing this sequence will be ready to take advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate courses. This sequence is NOT restricted to students enrolled in the LSA Honors Program. Content. Functions of one variable and their representation by graphs; limits and continuity; derivatives and integrals with applications; parametric representation; polar coordinates; applications of mathematical induction. Recent text(s): Calculus by Spivak; Calculus (vol. I) by Apostol; Introduction to Calculus and Analysis by Courant and John.

215. Analytic Geometry and Calculus III. Math. 116 or 186. (4). (Excl).
Background and Goals. See Math 115. Content. Topics include vector algebra and vector functions; analytic geometry of planes, surfaces, and solids; functions of several variables and partial differentiation; line, surface, and volume integrals and applications; vector fields and integration; Green's Theorem and Stokes' Theorem. This corresponds to Chapters 13-19 of Thomas and Finney. Recent text(s): Calculus by Marsden and Weinstein.

216. Introduction to Differential Equations. Math. 215. (4). (Excl).
Background and Goals. This course stresses use of classical methods to solve restricted classes of differential equations. Emphasis is on problem solving. There are few new concepts and no proofs. Content. Topics include first-order differential equations, higher-order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, linear systems. Recent Text(s): Differential Equations by Sanchez, Allen, and Kyner, 2nd ed.; Differential Equations: A First Course by Guterman and Nitecki.

Music

It is possible for LSA students to elect a concentration program in music, and this program is described in the LSA Bulletin. In addition, music courses are frequently elected by LSA students not concentrating in Music. Courses in Music History/Musicology, Composition, and Music Theory are elected for LSA credit. Some of these courses can be used as part of the humanities requirement in a PATTERN I area distribution plan. LSA students may elect music PERFORMANCE courses for degree credit, but this credit counts toward the maximum twelve non-LSA credit hours that can be applied toward an A.B./B.S. degree or twenty non-LSA credit hours that can be applied toward a B.G.S. degree.

Courses in Music History and Musicology (Division 678)

341. Introduction to the Art of Music. For non-School of Music students only. (3). (HU).
This is a course in listening to music. By studying the various genres, styles, and aesthetic ideals of Western art music, you will learn how to listen perceptively and creatively. No musical background is necessary. The course begins with the elements of music. Through a brief survey of the artistic and cultural heritage of Western music, we will concentrate on symphony, opera and concerto, and song, by Baroque, Classical and Romantic composers. We will also discuss the different styles and trends in twentieth-century music. There are three lectures and one discussion section per week.Tapes of assigned works are available for private study in the MLB Language Lab. The course grade is based on three exams, a concert report, and a few short writing assignments. This is the first course suggested for the LSA concentration in Music. Cost:2 WL:4 (Whiting)

342. Introduction to World Music. For non-School of Music students only. (3). (HU).
This course will introduce students to the musical cultures of a few, select musical areas of the world (such as the Caribbean, West Africa, India, and Eastern Europe). Three lectures a week will be supplemented by listening tapes available at the School of Music and the Listening Lab in MLB. Students will be evaluated on the basis of listening quizzes, a midterm, and a final exam. The department regards this course as a companion to MHM 341, Introduction to Music, a course for non-music concentrators that stresses Euro-American concert music. (McDaniel)

Courses in Composition (Division 665)

221. Introduction to Elementary Composition. For non-School of Music students only. (3). (Excl).
Designed for students with limited musical background who wish to gain an understanding of the creative process and acquire a greater appreciation for contemporary music by composing. The course investigates traditional compositional crafts, as well as more current or experimental tendencies, including pop, ethnic and jazz idioms. Directed student creative projects receive individual attention. The prerequisite is the ability to read music. (Newby)

Courses in Music Theory (Division 696)

137. Introduction to the Theory of Music. While this course requires no previous formal training in music theory, it is essential that students have a basic understanding of musical notation. (3). (Excl).
The course covers basics of music theory and musical notation: scales, keys, intervals, triads, clefs, meter, rhythm, and some basic harmony. The course objectives are development of fluency in reading and writing musical notation, improvement of the musical ear, and the provision of a foundation for music analysis skills. Ideally students should have some basic music reading ability, but students without it can catch up with some extra effort. The course is a prerequisite to Music Theory 238, Introduction to Music Analysis. There are two lectures and one lab per week, devoted to aural skills development. Student evaluation is by assignments and exams. (Mead)

Near Eastern Studies

General Near East (Division 439)

101. Introduction to Near Eastern Studies. (4). (HU).
This four-credit course serves as an introduction to the civilization of the Near East from its beginnings to the present day. No previous knowledge of the area is required. It aims to familiarize students with a region that has had a tremendous impact on the West and its civilization. There will be three weekly lecture, and one discussion class, as well as assigned readings. Each lecture will be topical, and highlight particular aspects and issues of Near Eastern culture and civilization, such as major historical developments, religious beliefs, cultural and scientific achievements, social issues such as women, tribes, and water resources. Some films will be shown, and some lectures will be given by expert guest lecturers. The lectures, together with the assigned readings, will serve as the basis for a midterm and a final exam. In addition, the students will undertake group projects, that is, students will be divided into groups each keeping a journal on a Near Eastern country which is assigned to them. Cost:3 (Windfuhr)

201/Rel. 201. Introduction to World Religions: Near Eastern. (4). (HU).
See Religion 201.

246/Great Books 246. Great Books of the Medieval and Modern Middle East. (4). (HU).
For Fall 1993, this course is limited to great books from the religious tradition of Islam. Beginning with a detailed examination of the Qur'an as the literature of revelation, the readings will cover major examples from the followint additional areas: history and sociology (Ibn Khaldun), philosophical allegory (Hayy Ibn Yagzan), confession and doctrine (Ghazzali), public duties (Ibn Taymiyya), and mystical poetry (Attar). Instruction will consist of both lectures and discussions. Students will be evaluated on the basis of three short papers (5-7 pages) on various aspects of the assigned reading. Each will count for a third of the final grade. Books and materials for the course should cost approximately $50. (Walker)


Ancient and Biblical Studies (ABS: Division 317)

160/Hist. 130. Introduction to the History of the Ancient Near East. (3). (HU).
Introduction to the first 3000 years of human history as recorded in the texts of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Antolia, Iran and the Levant. The origins of complex societies in Sumer and Egypt will be briefly considered and the subsequent development of cuneiform and hieroglyphic civilizations studied in more detail, down to their common conquest by the Macedonians in the fourth century BCE. Particular attention will be given to the effects of ecological factors upon economic, political, religious, and intellectual history. A number of primary documents from the Ancient Near East will be read in translation. Course requirements include mid-term and final examinations as well as a 10 -15 page term paper. Cost:2 (Beckman)

201. Elementary Biblical Hebrew. (3). (LR).
An introduction to the language and style of the Hebrew Bible, using Weingreen's PRACTICAL GRAMMAR OF CLASSICAL HEBREW as the text. Daily instruction on grammar with drills. Students are evaluated on the basis of daily homework assignments and weekly quizzes. Cost:1 WL:3 (Schramm)

Arabic (and Berber) Studies (Arabic: Division 321)

101. Elementary Modern Standard Arabic. (4). (LR).
This is the first course of a two-term sequence in elementary Arabic. It is designed for non-concentrators and those who need Arabic to fulfill the language requirement. It provides an introduction to the phonology and script of Modem Standard Arabic and its basic vocabulary and fundamental structures. It offers combined training in listening, speaking, reading and writing. There will be focus on simple interactive communicative tasks involving teacher-student, student-student and group interactions. Reading and cultural skills are developed through simple short texts and situational dialogues. There will be daily written assignments involving supplying answers to certain drills and questions on reading comprehension passages, filling out forms and writing short messages and paragraphs. Evaluation will be based on class participation, weekly achievement tests, monthly comprehensive tests, and a final exam. Regular use of the language laboratory or recorded tapes for home use is required to reinforce class work and also to do the recorded assignments. Class meets 4 hours per week. Textbooks: (1) A Programmed Course in Modern Standard Arabic Phonology and Script by McCarus-Rammuny, (2) Elementary Modem Standard Arabic Part one by Abboud et al. (Lessons 1-10), (3) Course pack including supplementary cultural materials, dialogues, and special activities. (Rammuny)

221. Intensive Elementary Modern Standard Arabic. (6). (LR).
The sequence of Arabic 221 and 222 is designed for students concentrating in Arabic or those who expect to use Arabic at an accelerated rate. It is primarily intended for highly-motivated students who want to study Arabic for academic purposes. Arabic 221 starts with an intensive introduction to Arabic phonology and script combined with oral basic communication practice. This is followed by short reading selections and situational dialogues including basic vocabulary and fundamental grammatical structures. The course offers combined training in the four language skills, plus practice in using the Arabic dictionary. Course requirements include daily preparation of the basic texts and grammatical explanations, extensive oral and written practice utilizing newly learned vocabulary and structures, and written assignments. These assignments involve answers to certain drills and reading comprehension questions, filling out short forms and supplying short messages and biographical information. Class meets six hours per week for six credit hours. Course evaluation is based on class participation, daily written assignments, weekly achievement tests, monthly comprehensive tests and a final prochievement examination. Textbooks: (1) Programmed Course in Modern Standard Arabic Phonology and Script by McCarus-Rammuny, (2) Elementary Modern Standard Arabic. Part One by Abboud et al. (Lessons 1-15) and (3) Course pack including supplementary dialogues, activities and cultural material. (Khaldieh)

Hebrew Studies (Hebrew: Division 387)

201. Elementary Modern Hebrew. (5). (LR).
Development of basic communication skills in Hebrew. Reading, writing and grammar. Class discussion and readings in Hebrew. Class and language laboratory drills. (Staff, Coffin)

301. Intermediate Modern Hebrew. Hebrew 202 or equivalent. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Hebrew 311. (5). (LR).
The focus of instruction will be on the four language skills, with a continued emphasis on oral work and writing. Review of morphology and syntax. Continued emphasis on oral work and writing skills. Cost:1 WL:1 (Etzion)

401. Advanced Hebrew. Hebrew 302 or equivalent. (3). (Excl).
The course materials consist of texts from Modern Hebrew prose: fiction and non-fiction. Writing and speaking skills will be enhanced through a series of related assignments. Review of basic language structures and enrichment of vocabulary are among the objectives of the course. Evaluation of work will be based on active participation in the course, timely completion of assignments, quizzes and a midterm and a final examination. Cost:1 WL:3 (Bernstein)

403. Hebrew of the Communications Media. Hebrew 302 or equivalent. (3). (Excl).
The focus of the course is on Newspaper Hebrew and discussion of contemporary issues in Israeli television broadcasts. Reading, listening and writing assignments will be accompanied by a discussion of the issues. We will be generating several editions of a newspaper of our own and a news broadcast. Evaluation of work will be based on active participation in the course, timely completion of assignments, and students' productions. Cost:1 WL:3 (Staff)

Iranian Studies (Iranian: Division 398)

201. Elementary Persian. (4). (LR).
Persian has been called the French of the Near/Middle East. Certainly, Persia/Iran has been in the news. Persian is an Indo-European language, related to English, etc. Its literature, as in other arts, is a major part of Near/Middle Eastern and Muslim tradition. Persian 201 is the first term of a four term sequence. It takes the student through to the basic mastery of the skills of reading and writing, and of comprehension and speaking. Cultural as well as communicative skills are emphasized. By the end of the term the student should be well versed in these skills. Individual student by the instructor to polish and improve the student's Persian language skills. The objective is language use. Students who have special needs, such as those acquiring the knowledge of Persian for reading purposes, only, or for communicative skills, only, will be given special attention, and special sessions. Similarly, students of Iranian heritage, who may know some Persian in its colloquial form, will find the linguistic and cultural content of this course stimulating. (Staff)

Turkish Studies (Turkish: Division 493)

201. Elementary Turkish. (4). (LR).
Part of the departmental sequence in modern Turkish language, this course focuses on speaking, reading and writing the language of modern Turkey. Course topics include the principles of Turkish grammar with the phonological structure, basic sentence patterns and the morphology of the language. The method of instruction is of the recitation variety and includes written and oral work. There are laboratory sessions and conversation periods. Students are evaluated on the basis of class participation, written work, a midterm and a final examination. The required texts are: H. Sebuktekin, TURKISH FOR FOREIGNERS (available in departmental office) and G.L. Lewis, TURKISH (Teach Yourself Books, Hodder and Stoughton, 1980). (Stewart-Robinson)

Philosophy (Division 442)

The Philosophy Department offers a series of 150-level courses that serve as introductions to specific areas of philosophical thought. Each probes a group of philosophical issues related to certain other fields or areas of human concern, and each is designed to show how questions in these fields or areas can lead naturally to larger philosophical matters. Philosophy 155, "The Nature of Science," will be offered Fall Term, 1993. Each will be taught by a faculty member and will be limited to 50 students.

Philosophy 181, 202, 231, 232, and 297 are general introductions designed to acquaint the student with a representative sample of philosophical problems concerning the nature of reality, knowledge, the self, morality, religion, and society. They deal with such questions as: If a person's actions are causally determined by heredity and environment, is he capable of free actions for which he can be held morally responsible? What is a person--just a very complex machine, a combination of a mind or soul and a body, or what? How can such common sense beliefs as that other human beings are conscious, or that there exists an external physical world, be justified? What are scientific theories, and what kinds of considerations bear on whether they should be accepted? Are there good reasons for believing that God exists? Is abortion, or euthanasia, or suicide, morally permissible? Are value judgments (e.g. moral or aesthetic judgments) "objective" or "subjective"? What are the basic differences between the major kinds of social, political and economic organizations, and what reasons are there for preferring any one of them to the others? How should one live one's life? What is the "meaning" of life, and what does this question mean?

The 200-level philosophy introduction and 181 vary in their instructional format. Philosophy 202 (three hours) approaches issues through a mixture of twentieth century writers (e.g. Bertrand Russell, A.J. Ayer) and seminal figures in Western intellectual history (Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Hume, Kant). It is taught by graduate student teaching assistants in sections of approximately 25 students. Philosophy 231 (three hours) and 232 (four hours) can be expected to cover similar issues and texts, but in a different format; a faculty member delivers two lectures each week, and students are divided into groups of approximately 25 for discussion sections which meet one (231) or two (232) hours per week. Philosophy 181 has yet a different format. It is smaller, limited to 50 students, and is taught in a combination lecture/discussion format three times a week. Finally, Philosophy 297, Honors Introduction, is taught by a member of the faculty to small groups of 25-30 students.

The Department offers three elementary introductory courses in logic: 180, 201 and 203. 180 and 201 both cover some informal logic, while 203 introduces students to symbolic logic. 180 is taught by faculty in a section of 40-50, while 201 and 203 are taught in sections of 20-25 by advanced graduate student teaching assistants.

Some 300-level courses do not have prerequisites and can serve as introductions to particular branches of philosophy. Three such courses will be offered Fall Term, 1993: Philosophy 356, "Bioethics," Philosophy 365, "Problems of Religion," and Philosophy 375, "Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud."

180. Introductory Logic. Credit is granted for only one of Phil. 180 or 201. (3). (N.Excl).
This is a course designed to improve critical reasoning skills and provide an introduction to formal logic. We will analyze the reasoning in passages drawn from college-level texts in various fields, learn some formal systems for representing and criticizing such reasoning, and master the logical concepts used in the analysis and criticism of arguments. This section of Introductory Logic will be based on computerized exercises and tutorials. Students will do weekly assignments at public computing sites. No prior experience with computers is needed. Cost:1 WL:4 (Velleman)

181. Philosophical Issues: An Introduction. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 182, 202, 231, 232, 234, or 297. (3). (HU).
Section 001.
This course is an introduction to three central areas in contemporary philosophy: epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics. Epistemology is an attempt to establish general standards for rationality and knowledge, and to assess whether we miserable earth creatures measure up. Metaphysics is an attempt to find rational ways of answering questions about the world that science appears to leave open, for Instance, questions about God, minds and bodies, and free will. And while science and metaphysics are both in the business of describing things In the world, ethics is an attempt to find rational ways of evaluating things in the world as good or bad, right or wrong. Although I will normally lecture, I will also make time each meeting for questions. Your grade will depend on three 5-page papers (roughly one per month), and class participation. Cost:1 WL:1 (Lormand)

201. Introduction to Logic. Credit is granted for only one of Phil. 180 or 201. (3). (N.Excl).
This course aims to give the student a thorough understanding of the fundamental forms of reasoning and rational argument. Students will be expected to master some technical detail, but the emphasis in this course is on non-technical, informal logical techniques applicable to problem solving in any area of inquiry. Both deductive and inductive patterns of argument will be examined. Sections usually have about twenty-five students each. Each section meets three hours per week and is generally conducted with some informality and considerable student participation. Discussion and questions are encouraged, particular problems are analyzed, and students are required to demonstrate mastery of assigned material. Course requirements for grading vary from instructor to instructor. Normally there are weekly assignments frequently in written form and short, periodic quizzes. (Staff)

202. Introduction to Philosophy. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 181, 182, 231, 232, 234, or 297. (3). (HU).
The purpose of this course is to familiarize students with philosophical thinking on the great questions that have moved mankind throughout history, and to discuss possible solutions to them. The course is taught in independent sections of approximately twenty-five students. Each section is taught by a teaching assistant who selects the topics and readings. Some sections examine the systems of such major historical figures as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Hegel, and Nietzsche, while others employ primarily the writings of contemporary philosophers such as Bertrand Russell, A.J. Ayer, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and others. The subject matter generally includes ethics, free will and responsibility, philosophy of mind, epistemology and skepticism, and perhaps arguments for the existence of God. The text is either a book of readings or a set of larger selections from separate editions of well known philosophical works. During the term each student is usually required to submit a total of at least fifteen pages of critical discussion through a series of short papers varying in length from three to five pages. Several short quizzes may also be given as well as a final examination. (Staff)

230/Buddhist Studies 230/Asian Studies 230/Rel. 230. Introduction to Buddhism. May not be included in a concentration plan in philosophy. (4). (HU).
See Buddhist Studies 230.

231. Introduction to Philosophy: Problems and Principles. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 181, 182, 202, 232, 234, or 297. (3). (HU).
This is a first course in philosophy assuming no background in the subject; it is open to students from all areas of the University at any stage in their studies. The course has two main goals. First, to give you a sense of what philosophers think about and why. This will be done through consideration of several historically important issues: the existence of God, skepticism about the external world, knowledge of the future, personal identity, and freedom vs. determinism. The second goal is to develop the philosophical skill, and more generally the critical and argumentative skills, of those enrolled. Philosophy 231 and 232 share a common lecture for two meetings per week. Philosophy 231 carries three hours of credit, has one discussion meeting per week, and requires two short papers. Philosophy 232 carries four hours of credit, has two discussion meetings per week, and requires three short papers. Both 231 and 232 require a final exam. The course has two texts: Anthony Weston, A Rulebook for Arguments, (Hackett Publishing Company) and Joel Feinberg's anthology Reason and Responsibility (Dickenson Publishing Co.) Cost:2 WL:1 (Haslanger)

232. Problems of Philosophy. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 181, 182, 202, 231, 234, or 297. (4). (HU).
See Philosophy 231. (Haslanger)

297. Honors Introduction to Philosophy. Honors students or permission of instructor. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 181, 182, 202, 231, 232, or 234. (3). (HU).
Section 001.
This course will introduce the student to important issues in several major areas of philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and ethics. Is there a real world independent of our ways of thinking and talking about it?, What kinds of evidence do we have?, What is evidence? What is it for one event to cause another?, How is one's mental life related to his/her physical and verbal behavior? Can we be mistaken about our own mental states?, How can we know about those of others?, Can machines think?, What things are valuable in themselves?, How should we live our lives?, Is there any such thing as "objective" morality? We will discuss what a number of philosophers have said about these issues, including important historical figures such as Descartes, David Hume, and J.S. Mill, and various recent philosophers. There will be approximately two assigned papers and three quizzes. (Walton)

Sections 002 & 003. This course will introduce students to philosophy through an examination of some major philosophical issues and problems, with some attention given also to the history of philosophical work on those problems. Examples of the problems to be dealt with are: free will, determinism, and moral responsibility; the possibility of objectivity in ethical discourse; the nature of our knowledge of the physical world; the nature of the mind and its relation to the body. Readings will be derived from modern works, and historical texts. The small size of the course will allow significant opportunity for discussion. (Staff)

Physics (Division 444)

Since the Physics Department discourages students from changing midstream from Physics 140 to Physics 125 or from Physics 240 to Physics 126, it is important that students choose the first course of a physics sequence with care. Prospective engineers, physicists and chemists should elect Physics 140/240 rather than Physics 125/126 because concentration programs in these areas require the Physics 140/240 sequence. In the case of some departmental concentration programs (e.g., biology) or in special individual circumstances, students can elect or are encouraged to elect the Physics 125/126 sequence. Some counselors will advise all students who have had calculus to elect Physics 140/240. Physics 140/240 can be elected by all students who have had calculus, but it should be elected only by students who enjoy solving difficult problems and who think that they will be good at it.

103. The Physical Universe: Relativity and Quanta. High School geometry, trigonometry, and algebra. (1). (NS).
The goal of physicists is to understand everything that goes on in the universe in terms of a small number of fundamental laws of nature. The various laws we presently know may even derive from some single unifying principle. The laws of gravity, relativity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics will be discussed and applied to simple problems. Grades will be based on homework and a research paper of approximately 3000 words. Cost:1 WL:3 (Staff)

104. The Physical Universe: What Einstein Never Knew. High School geometry, trigonometry, and algebra. (1). (NS).
The goals of physicists is to understand everything that goes on in the universe in terms of a small number of fundamental laws of nature. Recent developments involving quarks, leptons, black holes, big-bang cosmology, dark matter, etc. will be described on an elementary level. In the end, all questions of "how" and "why" must be answered or else pushed to the limit of present knowledge. Grades will be based on homework and a research paper of approximately 3000 words. The are no college physics or advanced mathematics prerequisites. Cost:1 WL:3 (Staff)

112. Cosmology: The Science of the Universe. (3). (NS).
The majority of even college educated adults have only a modest understanding of our place in the universe at large. Most would be hard pressed to answer correctly such questions as: What else is there in the universe besides stars? Why do we think there was a big bang? How big is a galaxy and how might they have formed? This course will provide answers to such questions, stressing conceptual understanding over calculational problem solving. The format will be varied and informal. In addition to regular seminar attendance, students will likely be asked to perform small experiments and present at least one oral presentation. Essays and other written work will play a large role in the grade. Although no science prerequisites are required, exposure to physics at at high school level would be helpful. (Evrard)

125. General Physics: Mechanics, Sound, and Heat. Two and one-half years of high school mathematics, including trigonometry. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 140 or 160. (3). (NS).
Physics 125 and 126 constitute a two-term sequence offered primarily for students concentrating in the natural sciences, architecture, pharmacy, or natural resources; and for preprofessional students preparing for medicine, dentistry, or related health sciences. Physics 125 and 126 are an appropriate sequence for any student wanting a quantitative introduction to the basic principles of physics but without the mathematical sophistication of Physics 140 and 240. Strong emphasis is placed on problem solving, and skills in elementary algebra and trigonometry are assumed. While a high school level background in physics is not assumed, it is helpful. Physics 125 and 126 are not available by the Keller plan.

PHYSICS 125 covers classical mechanics (laws of motion, force, energy and power) and mechanical wave motion (including sound waves). The final course grade is based on three one-hour examinations, class performance and a final examination. Cost:3 WL:4

127. Mechanics, Heat and Sound Lab. To be elected concurrently with Physics 125. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Physics 141. (1). (NS).
Physics 127 is a laboratory course intended to accompany Physics 125 and provide a perspective on physics as an experimental science. Evaluation is based on participation and performance in the laboratory classes, and on written laboratory reports and quizzes. Cost:1 WL:4 (Staff)

140. General Physics I. Prior or concurrent election of calculus. Phys. 140 and 141 are normally elected concurrently. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 125 or 160. (3). (NS).
Physics 140, 240, and 242 constitute a three-term sequence which examines concepts in physics fundamental to the physical sciences and engineering. This introductory sequence uses calculus, and, while it is possible to elect Physics 140 and Mathematics 115 concurrently, some students will find it more helpful to have started one of the regular mathematics sequences before electing Physics 140. The introductory sequence is primarily designed to develop a skill: the skill to solve simple problems by means of mathematics. Developing this skill requires daily practice and a sense for the meaning of statements and formulas, as well as awareness of when one understands a statement, proof, or problem solution and when one does not. Thus one learns to know what one knows in a disciplined way.

The topics in Physics 140 include: vectors, motion in one dimension, circular motion, projectile motion, relative velocity and acceleration, Newton's laws, particle dynamics, work and energy, linear momentum, torque, angular momentum of a particle, simple harmonic motion, gravitation, planetary motion, pressure and density of fluids, and Archimedes' principle. Evaluation is based on performance on 3 hourly examinations (see Time Schedule for dates and times) and a final examination.

Certain sections of Physics 140 are offered by the Keller Plan, a self-paced program without formal lectures. These sections are marked PSI in the Time Schedule. An information sheet describing the format of Keller Plan offerings is available in the Physics Student Services Office (2028 East Engineering). Students who want to elect Physics 140 by the Keller Plan should read this information before registering. Cost:3 WL:4.

141. Elementary Laboratory I. To be elected concurrently with Phys. 140. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 127. (1). (NS).
Physics 141 is a laboratory course intended to accompany Physics 140 and provide a perspective on physics as an experimental science. Evaluation is based on participation and performance in the laboratory classes, and on written laboratory reports and quizzes. Cost:1 WL:4

160. Honors Physics I. Math. 115 or equivalent, or permission of instructor. Students should elect Physics 141 concurrently. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Phys. 140. (4). (NS).
Physics 160 is a rigorous introduction to particle mechanics and the motion of extended objects. Particular topics include vectors, one and two dimensional motion, conservation of laws, linear and rotational dynamics, gravitation, fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. Students should also elect a Physics 141 laboratory. Cost:3 WL: Registration in this course is by permission of instructor only. Go to Physics Student Services Office, 2028 E. Engineering, for override.

250/Environ. Studies 353. Energy, Entropy, and Environment. Two and one-half years of high school mathematics, or any college course in mathematics or natural science. (3). (NS).
This course introduces the concepts of energy and the environment, which then serve as a basis for discussion of pollution, scarcity of resources, technological impacts, and man's future. Basic science and the political-economic aspects of problems and possible solutions are emphasized. Topics include a survey of non-renewable resources and current energy use patterns, nuclear (fission and fusion) power issues, and the prospects for, and problems with, alternative energy scenarios. Possible energy futures for America and their implication in terms of life-styles, policies, and ethical considerations are explored through lectures, discussions, and simulation games. There are no college physics prerequisites. (Rycus)

Pilot Program (Division 445)

The Pilot Program will several sections of Pilot 165 (4 credits) and several Pilot seminars (3 credits) during Fall 1993. Pilot seminars provide elective but not distribution credit in LS&A. All sections of Pilot 165 fulfill the Introductory Composition requirement (and are therefore equivalent to English 124 and 125), and are organized around thematic content. All Pilot Program courses are taught in Alice Lloyd or Couzens Hall by Resident Fellows who live as well as teach in the Residence Halls. Pilot students have enrollment priority for Pilot classes and overrides are needed. However, non-Pilot students may contact the office to be put on waitlists to enroll in Pilot Courses. For further information, call 764-7521.

114. The Arts in Society I. Pilot Program students. (3). (Excl).
Section 001 - Urban Revitalization.
The American city is fast becoming ... An expanding array of problems ... We are all competent Problem Solvers??? But we are consequently failing to make critical Distinctions between symptoms (often identified as problems) and the deeper causes underlying such symptoms ... Through a language that empowers and connects people ... Using faith, compassion, collaboration the class will attempt to develop a visionary framework based on human-cultural relationships. We will reflect on the personal experiences and frustrations concerning the impact of poverty and homelessness. Students should expect a variety of thought provoking readings, slides and video presentations. (Harris)

150. Pilot Mini-Course. Pilot Program students. (1-2). (Excl). Offered mandatory Credit/No Credit. May be repeated for a total of four credits.
Section 005 - Group Facilitation and Intergroup Relations. ( 1 credit.)
This practicum will help students develop basic understanding of and skills in group facilitation. The course will explore such topics as communication, leadership and conflict in groups. Students will learn to recognize and build on commonalties and differences in intra and inter group dialogue activities. Specifically, this mini-course is designed to help you: develop group facilitation skills which can be utilized in intergroup dialogue and multicultural activities;-develop a basic understanding of group development and group processes; develop an understanding of how multicultural issues including race, ethnicity, social class, religion, gender, and sexual orientation impact on group experiences; develop skills in group building, communication and feedback, leadership, and conflict management. (Zuniga)

Section 007 - Cross Cultural Communications. (1 credit.) This seven week mini-course will introduce the complexities of cross-cultural communication. Some communication theory will be presented as well as cultural value differences which have an effect on communication style. We will begin by looking at some elements that affect the majority culture communication style of the United States and will contrast and compare this with communication styles of U.S. minority groups as well as other communication styles of other cultures. Specifically, this course is designed to: Present an introduction to some theories in cross cultural communication; Use experiential exercises to demonstrate the effects of ethnocentrism and culturally unique communication styles on communication; Show how cultural values affect our individual and national communication styles; Discuss communication skills and strategies for communication with people from different cultural groups. (Clifford)

165. Pilot Composition. (4). (Introductory Composition).
Section 001 - Why Do Mexicans Call Us Gringos? Taking a Look at U.S.-Mexico Relations.
What do you think about when you think about Mexico? How did you come to this knowledge? What does the U.S. look like from the other side of the border? Why do Mexicans call us gringos? Using music, art, literature, historical writing, and current media coverage, this seminar will look at the U.S. and Mexico as two intertwined neighbors which have affected each other's economy, culture, demographics, and boundaries. In the first half of the course, students will study the existence of Mexico within the United States - from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo through Mexican-American labor history, and ending with discussion of such current issues as multicultural education, cross-cultural communication, and affirmative action. In the second half of the course, students will discuss U.S.-Mexico relations in the international arena, looking at both political science theory and current issues like U.S. border policy and the North American Free Trade Agreement. Evaluation will be based on class participation and writing assignments. Students will be encouraged to explore their own experiences and thoughts regarding issues discussed in class. Examples of reading materials include excerpts from Borderlands ILa Frontera: The New Mestoza, and Occupied America: A History of Chicanos. Films include "The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez," "Global Assembly Line," and "Roger and Me." (McCann Holmes)

Section 002 - Women's Issues. What are the most common images of women in our society? Bimbo? Sex Object? Femme Fatale? Why do commercials for laundry detergent always show women doing the wash? Why are women sometimes referred to as animals (fox, chick, shrew, barracuda)? Are women from the Middle East all seductresses? This writing course will examine these and other images of women, looking at traditional and feminist literatures and the popular media, including a consideration of Third World women and women of color. Students will examine these images, looking at what effect they have on women and men in our society, and will examine the source of these images. The course will focus on teaching students to construct and support cogent arguments in their writing, within the context of gender, race and class issues. The format is a discussion class. Papers will be required as well as a variety of smaller writing assignments. (Knapp)

Section 003. Cowboys and Indians? Multicultural & Gendered Revisions of "The West. " This course is designed to help students improve their writing skills as they explore the history and peoples of the American West. Students will share their work, as well as their editing skills in Writing Workshops to be held prior to each due date. Through lectures, films, and readings, we will examine our own notions of "The West," and explore alternative ways of viewing the region and its inhabitants. Films include Dances with Wolves, Unforgiven, and Little Big Man. (Coomes)

Section 004. Europe and The New World Order. The emergence of Western Europe as a unified power will profoundly affect the world order in the 21st century. Europe has successfully achieved its economic integration and is now striving to achieve political unity. This process is a difficult one, and the media focus on European internal dissension misrepresents the enormous achievements of countries that were still at war against each other less that 50 years ago. Americans therefore need to better comprehend the implications of European integration, and its impact on their nation. The class will be composed of formal lectures, discussion sessions, and student presentations. A simulation game will take place in the second half of the semester, in which students will have to defend a country's position on a specific EC proposal. Students will be required to write three papers, and critical analyses of selected readings. (Arandel)

Section 005 - Creative Risk-taking and Leadership. This course will examine risk-taking at both the personal and societal level. What defines a risk? What distinguishes creative risk-taking from dumb risk-taking? Do males and females differ in their approaches to risk-taking? Are all leaders risk-takers? Is there an American approach to risk and change? These are some of the questions this course will address. (Talburtt)

Section 006. Law and the Humanities. What do Georgia O'Keefe paintings, rap music "samples," pornography, Ivan Boesky and spotted owls all have in common? They are areas, among many others, in which the discourse is sometimes dominated by lawyers. Accordingly, non-lawyers will often see and debate these issues only as framed by legal constructs. The purpose of this course is to: examine the legal jargon glued to each of these issues; critically examine how and why they got there; and most importantly, attempt to expand our analyses of these and other issues beyond their legal traps. To guide our progress, we will call upon other disciplines--including political philosophy, literary criticism, anthropology and ethnography, history and even economics.

Section 007 - Argumentative Writing: Issues in Sports and Society. Writers, sociologists, psychologists, historians, philosophers, and educators have explored the impact of sports in our language, thought, and culture. From "Casey at the Bat" to the recent revelations of Arthur Ashe and Magic Johnson, writers have used sports to deal with serious human issues. This course will provide the students with the opportunity to develop argumentative writing skills. Among other things, we will write four or five papers, each in at least two drafts, and the emphasis of the course will be workshopping and revision. (Shannon)

Section 008 - The Changing Global Economy. In this course I will try to show that rumors of the "death of communism" are exaggerated. Despite the collapse of the Soviet bloc, Marxism remains a powerful tool to analyze advanced capitalist societies like the U.S. The class will read works by Marx, Engels, and Lenin. We will also use fiction and film to provide a historical context for the subject matter. Students will write narrative and analytical pieces, using their historical knowledge and examples from their own lives. (Gupta)

Section 009. Making Sense of Modernity, Mystics and Muslims. By adopting as its central motif the question of what it means to be human, this course shall cover a variety of themes relating to the political, social and psychological condition of human beings. In essence this course is designed to demonstrate the relevance of inter-disciplinary thinking, not only for an enhanced and holistic understanding of our own selves as human agents. (Jan)

Political Science Division 450)

101. Introduction to Political Theory. (4). (SS).
An overview of some classic texts of Western political thought, including Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato, Machiavelli, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Burke, and Mill. Among the questions to be discussed: is it good for people to participate in politics? or does it require them to be immoral scoundrels? What (if anything) makes state authority legitimate? What are "conservatives" and "liberals" disagreeing about? (Herzog)

111. Introduction to American Politics. (4). (SS).
This is a broad survey of government and politics in the United States which explores a wide range of topics including elections, interest groups, the presidency, Congress and the courts. The kinds of questions considered might include the following: What impact do interest groups have on governmental policy? Are there real differences between the two major political parties? What accounts for swings in voting behavior and election outcome from one time to another? How do members of Congress decide how to vote? In what ways do presidents and bureaucrats affect public policies? This is not a comprehensive list but suggests the kinds of issues that are discussed in this course. There are two lectures and two discussion section meetings each week. There is generally a midterm, a final examination, and some other written work. Cost:2 WL:1 (Kingdon)

140. Introduction to Comparative Politics. (4). (SS).
This course is designed to give students an understanding of how several major political systems work and to familiarize them with concepts used to analyze politics in these and other countries. Each of the countries selected will be discussed separately in order to introduce its distinctive features and to ensure that students understand how it operates. As the course progresses, we will draw increasingly broad comparisons. Certain key concepts will be introduced and used for comparative purposes. In particular, we will be concerned with the social and economic forces that influence the emergence of democracy, or led to communist or fascist regimes; political parties and political competition; leadership succession; the analysis of contemporary political conflicts and the future of advanced industrial societies. The course will offer two meetings per week in relatively small discussion sections designed to encourage a two-way flow of conversation. Cost:4 WL:1 (Inglehart)

160. Introduction to World Politics. (4). (SS).
The primary purpose of this beginning course is to expose the student to the core questions that should be asked at any beginning of the study of international politics. Who are the major actors in international affairs? What kind of order exists in relations among nations? What mechanisms exist for change? What regularities exist in the behavior of actors toward one another that give shape and direction to the system? We shall try to get at some of the questions raised by using three of the major approaches students in the field utilize to select the behaviors they wish to study. One approach is to study the process of decision-making in foreign policy. Another approach is to study the effects that differences in national growth have on the politics among nations. A third way is to study the way the international system constrains the actions of individuals and groups. The major elements of the course are contained in four sets of lectures. (1) The decision-making approach; (2) effects of national growth on international politics; (3) problems and consequences of different types of international systems; (4) global trends in contemporary world politics including such topics as imperialism, neocolonialism, international economics and interdependence, developed-developing world relations, international organizations, and the limits to growth. There will be one, possibly two, exams during the term, plus a final. Other requirements may include a 12-15 page essay and such additional assignments as may be made by individual section leaders. Cost:3 WL:1 and 4 (Organski)

185. Introduction to Modeling Political Processes. Primarily for first-year students and sophomores. (3). (SS).
An introduction to the use of models as a way of developing theories about social science phenomena such as competition for votes, conflict over territory, outbreaks of protest, alliances in business and politics, or even patterns of marriage. The models covered in the course involve many different processes such as rational choice, learning, and social diffusion. Some are mathematical and others computer-based. After a general introduction to the reasons for using models in developing theories, the course concentrates on developing modeling skills: constructing, manipulating, evaluating, and revising models. The class meets twice a week, and there is a homework problem set weekly - generally done in groups. There will be a midterm and a final. (Cohen)

Psychology (Division 455)

The Department of Psychology offers two regular introductory courses: Psychology 111 and Psychology 112. Psychology 112 is offered as a natural science and stresses experimental psychology; Psychology 111 is approved for social science distribution but treats both perspectives with about equal weight. Students may not receive credit for Psychology 111 and Psychology 112. Either of the two courses meets the prerequisite requirement for concentration and serves as a prerequisite for advanced courses.

Honors students and others with permission of the instructor may take Psychology 114. In Psychology 114 the coverage of basic material is rapid, leaving some time for specialized topics.

111. Introduction to Psychology. Psych. 111 serves, as do Psych. 112 or 113, as a prerequisite for advanced courses in the department and as a prerequisite to concentration. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 112, 113, 114, or 115. Psych. 111 may not be included in a concentration plan in psychology. (4). (SS). Students in Psychology 111 are required to spend five hours outside of class participating as subjects in research projects.
This course provides a broad introduction to the field of psychology. We will cover such topics as physiology and behavior, sensory and perceptual processes, states of consciousness, learning and memory, thinking, intelligence, development across the life-span, motivation and emotion, personality, stress and adjustment, abnormal behavior and therapy, and social psychology. The text is Morris Psychology: An Introduction (8th ed.). There is an optional course pack which consists of the entire test item pool from which exam questions will be drawn. Teaching assistants may require additional materials for use in discussion sections. Grades are based in part on several course-wide examinations and in part on assignments in the individual discussion sections. Waitlisted students should go to the first meeting of the discussion section, since TAs will handle all overrides. Cost:3 WL:1 (Morris)

Section 012 will be held in Alice Lloyd Hall.

112. Introduction to Psychology as a Natural Science. Credit is granted for both Psych. 112 and 113; no credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 111, 114, or 115. Psych. 112 may not be included in a concentration plan in psychology. (4). (NS). Students in Psychology 112 are required to spend five hours outside of class participating as subjects in research projects.
The course emphasizes the biological, experimental and comparative approaches to psychology. Three main themes will be covered with several topics within each theme. 1) Scientific method and logical thinking (experimental design, statistics, thinking and memory). 2) Nervous system control of behavior (how neurons work, sensory perception, life-time and evolutionary level of development, theories of learning). 3) Relating psychology as a natural science to human behaviors and controversies (intelligence, gender, drugs/addiction, mental illness/treatment). Students are evaluated with three exams, three short papers (two based on class experiments and one on critique of reading assignments), and discussion participation. The course meets four hours per week, two hours in lecture and two hours in discussion sections taught by graduate teaching assistants. Cost:2-3 WL:1 (Lee)

114. Honors Introduction to Psychology. Open to Honors students; others by permission of instructor. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 111, 112, 113, or 115. May not be included in a concentration plan in psychology. (4). (SS). Students in Psychology 114 are required to spend five hours outside of class participating as subjects in research projects.
Section 001.
This course provides an in-depth survey of psychology, with an emphasis on the links between psychology and other disciplines, including philosophy, biology, medicine, law, and literature. Through exposure to the thought and writing of scientists and non-scientists who have applied their minds and sensibilities to the same subjects, we will consider questions with important implications for modern life, including the following: (1) What are the limits to perceiving, remembering, and thinking "objectively"? (2) To what extent are intelligence, personality and action influenced by nature and nurture? (3) How are our thinking and behavior influenced by our social nature? A variety of class formats will be used, including lecture, discussion, films, labwork, and class demonstrations. Readings include a textbook, two additional books (The Mismeasure of Man and Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed) and a course pack consisting of diverse readings (essays, short stories, autobiographical accounts, etc.) that correspond to the topics presented in the textbook. The final grade is based on your performance on frequent quizzes, frequent papers, and a comprehensive final examination. Cost:4 WL:1 (Landman)

Section 002. Both natural-science and social-science aspects of psychology are studied. Course topics are: personality, biopsychology (nervous system and behavior), child development, statistical reasoning, social psychology (group behavior), learning, memory, thinking, psychopathology, perceiving the world. Examinations are primarily short-answer, short-essay questions, as is the final examination. Announced 10-minute quizzes, multiple choice and fill-in the blank questions from the study guide, are interspersed between exams. Lecture-discussion is the class format, with discussion encouraged. Underlying course themes: the mind-brain distinction, nature versus nurture (inborn versus learned behavior), constructs and construct validity (measuring and making sense of what cannot be observed directly). Cost:3 WL:1 (Weintraub)

Section 003. We will cover the range of psychology as a field of study between the biological and social sciences with an emphasis on the development of personality as an integrating concept. The traditional topics, such as perception, learning, sensation, socialization, attitudes, etc., as covered in the text, will provide a background for our class discussion which will be approached with a view to the historical and philosophical role leading to the present stage of the field. The class will follow a seminar format with frequent brief presentations which will be refined into short papers by each student to share with their peers. Grades will be based on these papers, class contributions, and a short essay answer final. Cost:2 WL:1 (Brown)

211. Outreach. Prior or concurrent enrollment in introductory psychology. Credit is granted for a combined total of 15 credits elected through Psych. 211 and Psych. 404-409. May not be included in a concentration plan in psychology. (1-3). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit. Laboratory fee ($20) required. (EXPERIENTIAL). May be repeated for a total of 6 credits.
Project Outreach enables students to do field work in local community settings. The purpose is to gain an understanding of yourself, the agency in which you will work, the people whom you will serve, and to provide a genuine community service. Outreach includes approximately 45 agencies in which you can provide direct service to children in day care settings, adolescents in after-school programs, handicapped children and adults, retarded and emotionally impaired persons, women, physically ill adults and children, persons legally confined to mental health and criminal institutions, social advocacy organizations concerned with combating racism, helping battered women, and others. All sections are two (2) credits requiring six hours of work per week including four (4) of fieldwork, log writing, readings, papers, one hour lecture and one hour discussion. Students need to check the Final Edition of the Time Schedule lecture/discussion times and meeting places per section. Information regarding registration, field work and course information for the Fall Term, 1993, will be available at an Information Meeting on Thursday, April 8, 1993, at 6:00 pm (Room to be announced).If you are unable to attend the Mass Meeting, stop by the Outreach Office in L-218 Winchell House of West Quad to pick up an Outreach booklet OR call 764-9179 or 764-9279 for additional information. Psychology concentrators electing two separate sections in Psychology 211 (4 credits) will have the option to waive their second advanced lab requirement. Cost:1, not including $20 lab fee. WL:1 (Miller)

Section 002 - BIG SIBS - COMMUNITY & OPPORTUNITY. Be a Big Sib;develop a meaningful individual relationship with a child in need of the companionship of a consistent caring adult; share in activities and enjoy being with a young person in the community. Some students might also have the opportunity to be a Big Sib to a physically or mentally handicapped child.

Section 003 - JUVENILE JUSTICE AND EDUCATION. Establish a meaningful friendship with a child in an after-school program; help tutor, plan activities and serve as a positive role model for a local student; interact with and assist teenagers and preteens whose behavior is in conflict with the laws and rules of our society, or join with community groups working to increase educational opportunity and juvenile justice. Learn about juvenile criminal behavior, the criminal justice system and the law, institutionalization and rehabilitation.

Section 004 - SOCIAL JUSTICE. Learn about racism, homophobia, sexism, rape, incest, domestic violence, eating disorders, substance abuse, the AIDS crisis, and teen pregnancy. Develop supportive and helping relationships with people as they encounter special challenges throughout the lifespan from teens through elderly, or join with local agencies working to bring about change in the lives of people of color, women, gay men, and lesbians.

Section 005 - INTERVENTIONS FOR MENTAL HEALTH. Work with children and adults with mental illness or developmental disabilities living in institutional settings or in the community; assist these people in practicing social skills and increasing their integration into society, or work with groups advocating for better conditions, services, and community awareness for persons with mental health problem & Examine issues such as attitudes and prejudices about mental health, mental illness and mental retardation.

Section 006 - HEALTH, ILLNESS, & SOCIETY. (formerly MEDICAL PSYCH.) Serve as a non-medical liaison between staff, family, and patients, offering empathy and emotional support in waiting rooms, at bedside, in community health clinics and in other settings; learn how people cope with stress; provide supervised occupational, physical, rehabilitative, educational, and recreational therapy, and support for people with special physical or health needs: senior citizens, children who are physically impaired, or people who are HIV positive, or work with groups trying to prevent particular health problems, promote health education or those that are advocating for improved health services

Section 007 - EXPLORING CAREERS. Investigate majors and careers that best fit your needs and abilities; explore graduate school options; write a resume and cover letter; improve your job search strategies; talk with professionals in various fields; increase your awareness of social issues that affect people's career decisions and work lives.

Section 008 - LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT. Work with infants, children and teenagers in a variety of day care and school settings. Learn about the course of human development and the many forces that influence this. This section is primarily intended for students who are simultaneously enrolled in Psych 350.

Religion (Division 457)

201/GNE 201. Introduction to World Religions: Near Eastern. (4). (HU).
An introduction to the major religious traditions of the Near East, with emphasis on the development of Israelite Religion, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. This course will first survey the political, social, economic and religious aspects of the Near East focusing on the cultural background of the Bible. The second part of the course will deal with the origins and development of these religious traditions, including the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism, the career of Jesus and the development of the Church, and the rise of Islamic religion and civilization. Emphasis will be on the origins, major personalities, ritual life, and sacred texts, as well as on the development of major theological issues in these traditions up to the modern period. This is an introductory course: it is not necessary for students to have any previous experience in the study of religion. The course consists of three weekly lectures and a discussion group. Writing for the course will include some pattern of the following: unit exams, a short essay, and a final examination. Section 002 is an honors section open to any student prepared to do more work in return for a lot more personal attention. This course is offered every Fall Term. For further information please contact The Program on Studies in Religion, 445 West Engineering. Cost:3 WL:4 (Ginsburg and Williams)

230/Asian Studies 230/Buddhist Studies 230/Phil. 230. Introduction to Buddhism. (4). (HU).
See Buddhist Studies 230.

The Residential College of Literature, Science, and the Arts

Most RC courses are open to LSA students and may be used to meet distribution requirements.

Residential College students are given priority in all Residential College courses during the pre-registration and registration periods, and from wait lists. Certain RC courses are reserved for RC students only (e.g., RC language courses). These are courses which fulfill specific Residential College graduation requirement.

Wait lists of Residential College courses are maintained in the Residential College Counseling Office, 134 Tyler, East Quad. When a course fills, students should contact the RC Counseling Office (747-4359) to be placed on a wait list if one is being maintained.

Following is a listing of Fall 1993 courses reserved for RC students only:

RC Core 190, 191, 193, 194 Intensive First-Year Language Courses

RC Core 290, 291, 294 Intensive Second-Year Language Courses

RC Core 320, 321, 324 Readings in French, German, Spanish (all sections)

RC Arts 285 Photography

Non-RC students who are on a wait list will be admitted to these courses on a space-available basis on the first day of classes, after all RC students from the wait lists have been admitted.

Core (Division 863)

Written and Verbal Expression

105. Logic and Language. (4). (N.Excl).
Argument is the focus of this course, both in symbols and in language. We deal with the forms of arguments, the application of them, what makes them valid or invalid, weak or strong. We do this in two concurrent ways: (a) Microcosmically, we examine the structure of arguments, what makes them tick. In the deductive sphere we deal with the relations of truth and validity to develop the logic of propositions, and enter the logic of quantification. In the inductive sphere, we deal with argument of analogy, and causal analysis, and with elementary probability theory. (b)Macrocosmically, we do the analysis of real arguments in controversial contexts, as they are presented in classical and contemporary philosophical writing: ethical arguments (in Plato); political arguments (in J.S. Mill); and legal arguments as they appear in Supreme Court decisions. In all cases both substance and form are grist for our mill. (C. Cohen)

Foreign Language

Intensive language courses meet in lecture and discussion twice a day four days a week (five days per week for Russian). The language programs have language lunch tables, coffee hours, and other social events. There is a language laboratory in the College, and the language teachers are available for counseling and additional help. If a student begins a new language, proficiency is usually attained in one year through the Residential College program.

193/Russian 103. Intensive First-Year Russian. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Russian 101, 102, 111, or 112. (10). (LR).
See Russian 103.

Core 190, 191, 194 Intensive French, German, Spanish I. The goal of this course is to provide the student with a basic but solid knowledge of grammatical structures and syntax, a functional vocabulary, familiarity with intonation patterns and native pronunciation, and practice in speaking and writing. Upon completion of this course, the student can understand simple written texts or short spoken passages without the aid of a dictionary, and can carry on a short, elementary conversation. (Staff)

Core 290, 291, 294 Intensive French, German, Spanish II. The goal of this course is to expand vocabulary and to master grammatical structures and syntax to the level of competency required to pass a proficiency exam. This entails developing the ability to communicate with some ease with a native speaker, in spoken and written language. Students must be able to understand the content of texts and lectures of a non-technical nature, and of general (non-literary) interest. (Staff)

320. Seminaire en français. Proficiency test. (4). (Excl). May be repeated for credit.
Section 001 - Fairy Tales and Other Stories.
"Il etait une fois...", "Once upon a time...": for millions of children, these magic words opened a world where wonders assuaged fears, where fairy godmothers saved sweet princesses from cruel stepmothers, and familiar animals protected their little abandoned masters and brought them power and riches. As adults, we remember some fairy tales fondly, probably because they helped us to grow up with some assurance that all would end well. After Freud, psychologists and scholars like Marc Soriano and Jean Bellemin-Noel, in France, have uncovered the deep meanings of fairy tales, and they will show us how tales indirectly teach about despair, hopes, and methods of overcoming tribulations and finding oneself. We will also learn from those who have studied the recurrent structures of tales: after the Russian Vladimir Propp and his "Morphology of the Folktale", the theses of Claude Bremond and his "Logique de la narration". Perrault's tales, written when Louis the Fourteenth was king, and very well known as "Les Contes de ma mere l'Oye", will anchor our study. We will also see how tales reflect time and place by reading folk tales that belong to cultures other than the French: tales from Senegal, Mali, Rwanda-Burundi, the Comoros (in Africa), from Viet-Nam, from Haiti, and a tale of the Montagnais Amerindians (Quebec), as well as very early tales from the Basque tradition. We will also read several tales and short stories written by contemporary French writers and see to what extent they take up the traditional symbolism and structural patterns of the fairy tales of old. Accessory aspects of the tale will be examined: imagery made real in book illustrations and films; the role of voice inflexion, pauses and listener responses in oral telling of tales. Students will be invited to practice telling tales in French; they will also write several papers, the last one will be either an analysis of themes and characteristics found in different tales, or a new tale with or without fairies. Assigned works: (a selection of tales in a course-pack, and two books) Charles Perrault Histoires ou Contes du temps passe, avec des Moralites. Paris 1697; Mademoiselle Lheritier Finette ou l'adroite princesse; Madame d'Aulnoy L'Oiseau bleu, La Chatte blanche; Madame Leprince de Beaumont La Belle et la Bete; and a selection of tales, some of them by the following modern writers: Piere Gripari, Michel Tournier, Jean-Marie Gustave LeClezio, Pierrette Fleutiaux. Films: Jacques Demy Peau d'Ane; Jean Cocteau La Belle et la Bete. (Carduner)

Section 002 - The Literature of Quebec and the Notion of Alienation. How does one feel when standing alone as a minority inside an oppressive majority, oppressive by its status as a majority? How does one react to marginalization? How does the individual constitute him or herself? In this course we will explore the question of alienation in the literature of the Canadian province of Quebec where a community of 6 million francophones survives in the presence of an English-speaking majority. We will attempt to define the concept of "alienation" while reading a variety of literary texts (novels, poems, short stories and essays) written between 1965 and 1975, the years of the "Revolution tranquille". This quiet revolution was the site of a number of social, political and economic changes in Quebec, changes that translate into literary works, topics, "genres" and styles. Students will be required to read novels by Gerard Bessette (Le Libraire), Marie Claire Blais (Une saison dans la vie d'Emmanuel) and Rock Carrier (La guerre, yes sir!), poems by Gaston Miron and Michele Lalonde, essays by Hubert Aquin and various excerpts of feminist works. Students will be asked to produce a maximum of twenty pages of both creative and essay style writing. (Delvaux)

321. Readings in German. Proficiency test. (4). (Excl). May be repeated for credit.
The theme of this course will be the demise of the German Democratic Republic and its absorption into the Federal Republic of German, as reflected in both East-German and West-German writings. The aim of the course is to acquaint the students with this dramatic political process and its effects on the lives of the people in both parts of Germany. It should also enrich the students' vocabulary of everyday language and reinforce grammatical and stylistic principles of German. Students will be expected to present oral summaries of current reading assignments whenever called upon. Each student will also submit three short typed essays on topics discussed in the course and, at the end of the term, a five- to eight-page typed essay discussing the overall theme of the course. Active participation in class is essential. (Meyer)

324. Readings in Spanish. Proficiency test. (4). (Excl). May be repeated for credit.
The focus of this class will be on the reading of a series of video programs developed and produced in Chile, with the special purpose of bringing to the attention of the people in that country some major environmental problems the country is confronting. Each program presents a rich description of physical and human geography of a particular region of the South American country; the ecological/environmental problems presented are common to all countries negotiating the difficult tasks of economic development and protection of the environment. The challenge of resource management and population and environment interactions will constitute a major focus of the class. The class will offer the opportunity to develop specialized lexical knowledge and will establish connections with other areas of knowledge, such as Natural Resources, and/or Biology. The class will be team-taught, an expert on the subject matter, native speaker of Spanish, together with an expert on language usage, will constitute the team. (Moya-Raggio)

370/French 370. Advanced Proficiency in French. RC Core 320, or French 362, or permission of instructor. (3). (Excl).
This course includes development of speaking skills in informal and formal contexts, and initiation into writing formats and styles customary in French universities. A rich cultural component will prepare students socially and mentally, as well as technically and intellectually, for living and studying in France. Emphasis will be put on modern France and current events. Students will write daily exercises and weekly papers of various lengths. Among the techniques practiced will be: the French "dissertation," "contraction de texte," and "commentaire compose:" how to write an introduction, a conclusion, a paragraph, a text with logical development with the use of cohesive devices, precise and accurate wording and syntax. Directed as well as liberated practice of oral production will activate a wide range of functional expressions. Formal discourse such as "l'expose" will also be practiced. Training in reading intricate current newspaper prose and aural comprehension of lectures with note-taking will be included. Final exam; a short "expose", a brief conversation, and a written French style essay ("dissertation"). Prerequisite: RC Core 320 or French 361/362 or permission of instructor. (Carduner)

Arts (Division 864)

269. Elements of Design. (4). (Excl).
This course provides non-art majors with the opportunity to practice, as well as study, visual skills. It attempts to give students a broad experience through 1) exposure to art history, anthropology and art, and the psychology of visual perception, presented in slide lectures; 2) technical mastery of a range of media; 3) development of creative and technical skills; and 4) critical assessment of works of art during class discussions and critiques. During the first part of the course students acquire a visual vocabulary by working with the basic elements of design, including line, shape, tone, texture, perspective, balance, and color. Students complete projects dealing with these visual elements. During the final part of the course students apply their new visual skills to longer, more complex projects. Students are evaluated individually on their progress and the quality of their projects. Class critiques are frequent, and attendance is mandatory. (Savageau)

287. Printmaking. (4). (Excl). Materials fee.
Developing an understanding of the art and history of printmaking through lectures, demonstrations, practical studio experience, and individual and group discussions. The course will focus on creating original prints, exloring images, visual ideas, and the possibilities of self-expression. Emphasis will be placed on linoleum cut, wood block, and screenprinting techniques. Field trips to area museums and gallery exhibitions will be part of the clas experience. Approximately eight projects will be assigned. A sketchbook/notebook is required. Class attendance is mandatory, as is lab time spent outside the scheduled class period. There will be a studio lab fee. (Cressman)

Humanities (Division 865)

Arts and Ideas

236/Film Video 236. The Art of the Film. (4). (HU).
The Art of the Film examines the dramatic and psychological effects of the elements and techniques used in film making and television, and some of the salient developments in film's artistic and technological history. This course provides students with the basic tools and methods for film appreciation and study. Students write five two-page exercises, a ten-page analysis of a current movie, and a final exam. A lab fee of $30.00 is assessed to pay for the film rentals. (H. Cohen)

291. The Experience of Arts and Ideas in the Nineteenth Century. (4). (HU).
This interdisciplinary course will offer an introduction to major movements in European art and cultural history of the nineteenth century - Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism and Symbolism - by analyzing and comparing representative works of literature, music, dance and the visual arts. Among the works studied will be paintings by Delacroix, Courbet, Manet, Monet, and Gauguin; novels by Zola and Flaubert; poetry by Mallarme and the English Romantic poets; music of Berlioz, Chabrier, Wagner, and Debussy, and choreography of Perrot and Bournonville. We will explore some of the following issues: how does Perrot and Gautier's ballet Giselle, the Symphonie Fantastique of Berlioz, and the poetry of Lord Byron reflect the ideals of Romanticism? Can we find similar aims in the realist novels of Dickens and Zola and the realist painting of Courbet. Can we relate the radical "painting of modern life" of Manet to the music of his friend Chabrier who looked to popular song and dance to infuse old musical forms with new life? Can we compare the revolution in the structure of painting brought about by Impressionist and Symbolist painters to the revolution in form brought to music by Debussy and Wagner? These and other questions will be considered in class discussions. (Genne).

Comparative Literature

214. Fundamentals of Narrative Fiction. (4). (HU).
"Once upon a time..." This phrase places us at the entrance of a fictional world and leads us to expect...what? How does the writer of stories exploit our expectations and shape our responses while enticing us to enter? Why do we care intensely about events and people that are made up of nothing but words on a page? How do we as readers participate in producing the fictional text? These are a few of the questions we will ask while exploring some of the vast territory covered by fictional narrative and thinking about it as a distinctive literary form. We will read and analyze carefully several complex novels and stories that are acknowledged classics, but also take a quick look at examples of popular fiction - mysteries, a Western, and a romance - to consider the relationship between fictional formula and social values. Through two novels by minority writers we will examine the role of storytelling in relation to problems of culture, gender, and identity. Finally we will discuss several self-reflexive texts that play with narrative conventions, comment on their own nature, or call into question our very activities of reading and interpretation. Requirements: some in-class writing, three short papers, and a final. No prerequisites, but a love of reading is helpful. Readings will include The Hound of the Baskervilles, Doyle; City of Glass, Auster; Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment; Morrison, Song of Soloman; Kingston, The Woman Warrior; Borges, "The Circular Ruins", "Death and the Compass", "The Library of Babel; Puig, Kiss of the Spider Woman; Kafka, The Trial; James, The Figure in the Carpet. Selected short stories by Maupassant, Chekhov, Joyce, Faulkner, Jackson and others will also be included, as well as a Western and a Romance. (Feuerwerker)

Drama

280/English 245/Theatre 211. Introduction to Drama and Theatre. (4). (HU).
See Theatre and Drama 211. (Cardullo)

282. Drama Interpretation I: Actor and Text. (4). (Excl).
This course will explore texts from the actor's perspective. Under consideration are plays by Ibsen and Chekhov, or possibly a new script by Oyam O. The first part of the semester will be spent in dramaturgical research in period and place and intensive script analysis of our chosen play(s). The majority of the course will involve the rehearsal for a workshop production of the text(s) under study. Students will be required to do outside reading and at least one major research project. They will also be required to devote the required extra rehearsal hours to the project. The course will be open to all students who have had a previous acting course, such as Acting 101, or previious significant performance experience. Admission will be by interview/audition with the instructor. Theatre Department students, particularly those in the B.A. program are encouraged, as well as RC students with a serious interest in acting. (Mendeloff)

Music

250. Chamber Music. (1). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit.
Section 001 - Instrumental: Chamber Orchestra and Small Ensembles.
All students who are interested in participating in instrumental ensembles can enroll for one hour of credit. Ensembles have included: Mixed ensembles of strings and winds; brass quintet and intermediate recorder; string quartet; woodwind quintet, and some other duos and trios, including piano and harpsichord. Responsibilities include three to four hours of rehearsal time per week (some individual and some group rehearsal), and participation in one or more chamber music concerts per term, if appropriate. No audition required. Course may be used to fulfill the RC's Arts Practicum Requirement. (Kardas-Barna)

Section 002 - Handbells. Students who read music are invited to learn to play handbells. Four octaves of bells provide an opportunity for performance and improvement of music skills. No audition required. Course may be used to fulfill the RC's Arts Practicum Requirement. (Halsted)

251. Topics in Music. (4). (HU).
Section 001 - Topics in Black Popular Music: "Sounding Together" - Culture, Community, and Sound Ideals in Black Popular Music.
James Brown, Urban Musics, Underground, Hip-Hop Sampling, Women & Music, The Recording Industry, "Race Records" This seminar-style course will examine a select history of African-American music production focusing primarily on the development of urban styles in recorded music. Readings, listening, and discussions will survey and raise questions about historical and cultural issues, such as African musical retentions, the historical legacy of appropriation and consumption of black styles since Minstrelsy, gender and subcultural expressions in black styles, and music as cultural politics. These historical examinations will always be framed by discussions of the role and critical effect of the recording industry on black music production and consumption since the marketing of "race records" beginning in the 1920s. There will be a strong emphasis on listening and understanding the construction of the musics examined. This will all set the stage for understanding the significance of currently popular musical genres that are influenced by black styles here and abroad. For example, projects and "collaborations" by Paul Simon, David Byrne, and Peter Gabriel in the World Beat market, and the cataclysmic embrace and rejection of Hip-Hop music in populu culture. (Gaunt)

253. Choral Ensemble. (1). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit.
Section 001 - Women's Choral Ensemble.
Group rehearses twice weekly and prepares a thematic concert of music from the vast Women's Chorus Repertoire. Vocal skills, sight singing, and basic musicianship are stressed. No prerequisites, but a commitment to the group and a dedication to musical growth within the semester are required. No audition. (Staff)

Section 002 - Mixed Choral Ensemble. Four-part works from a variety of musical styles are rehearsed and prepared for performance in concert. Meets twice weekly. Vocal skills, sight singing, musicianship and ensemble singing are stressed. No prerequisites, but a commitment to the group and musical growth within the semester are required. No audition. (Staff)

Natural Science (Division 875)

260. Science and Societal Issues: The Immune System. Introductory science course or permission of instructor. (4). (NS).
This course introduces students to the field of immunology and to societal issues raised by contemporary scientific and biomedical research. The course concentrates first on the biological basis of the immune response. An understanding of biological concepts, in turn, serves to prepare students to examine some of the social and ethical issues that derive from this active area of scientific research. The course is intended for Students who want to gain a basic understanding of the biology of the immune system and also examines the larger context within which scientific knowledge is gained and used. Topics include: autoimmunity, immunization, tissue and organ transplantation, allergy, AIDS, cancer therapy, media presentation of science, and the impact of funding and the impact of funding and policy decisions on the direction and progress of scientific research. Readings include an introductory immunology text, research articles and reviews, and articles and books about the scientific enterprise. Evaluation will be based on two examinations, a short paper, a research paper/project, and class participation. Prerequisite: one college-level science course or permission of instructor. (Sloat)

263/Urban Planning 263. Energy and the Environment. (4). (NS).
See Physics 250. (Rycus)

270. New Biotechnology: Scientific, Social and Historical Perspectives. High school biology or permission of instructor. (4). (N.Excl).
This course examines the development of genetic engineering and other biogenetic technologies that provide powerful methods for intervening in the genetic constitution of living things. It asks some of the questions that the scientific community asked itself when these techniques were invented in several California laboratories in the early 1970's: what principles should guide assessment of a new form of technology in the face of varying technical opinion about its implications? Should scientific research be controlled? What should be the roles of technical experts and the wider public in policy making? Where should decisions be made? And who should decide such matters? How these issues have been addressed are central themes of the course. The principle goal of the course is to develop a broad historical perspective in the emergence and development of a new field of scientific achievement, the contexts in which the field is evolving, the terms of development, and the social and ethical issues associated with the development and application. This term, group projects on the social and ethical issues associated with emerging or projected applications of biotechnology - for example, the patenting of life forms, military use, the release of genetically engineered organisms into the environment, agricultural applications, genetic engineering in humans, the human genome project - are planned. Readings will include Dangerous Diagnostics (1990), Dorothy Nelkin; Preventing a Biological Arms Race, Susan Wright (ed) (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); Genetics, David Suzuki (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1989). Prerequisite: High school Biology or permission of instructor. (Wright)

Romance Languages and Literatures

French, Italian, and Spanish Placement Tests

If you are planning to take an elementary French, Italian, or Spanish class and you are a new student, freshman or transfer student, or you have not yet begun the elementary language sequence on the Ann Arbor campus, you must take the placement test in order to register for the correct course.

If you have registered for a class prior to taking the test, you will still be required to take the test in order to verify that you are in the appropriate level class.

If you have already taken French, Italian, or Spanish 101-232 on the Ann Arbor campus, or if you have already taken the placement test once, you are not eligible to take the test again. For questions regarding the LS&A language requirement, please see a general academic advisor or call POINT-10 (764-6810).

Please Note: With the reduction in the number of classrooms throughout LS&A, departments must limit the number of classes offered between 10 am and 4 pm. there will be more classes open before 10 am and after 4 pm. Please take advantage of the opportunity to register for these classes and avoid the "Lottery" (see 2b below).

Instructions for students requesting overrides for French or Spanish 101, 103, 231, or 232.

1. Try to find a section that will fit into your schedule, since the Department cannot guarantee every student a space in a section of his/her own choice.

However, do not register for a class that you cannot attend. You will not be eligible to override into the section of your choice if you are registered for any section of 101-232, even if you cannot attend that section.

2. As it states in the Time Schedule any registered student who misses one of the first four class meetings will be dropped from the course, thereby leaving some open spaces for those students who have been closed out.

If there is absolutely no section open which will fit your schedule, you should follow this procedure:

(a) Start attending the section you would like to get into on the first day of class. You will receive a Proof of Attendance form which must be signed by your instructor every day. You must attend a class every day, but it does not need to be the same section. All students must take action at CRISP to make sure their official schedule of courses matches the courses they are taking.

(b) On Wednesday, September 16 at 7:00 p.m., there will be a meeting in the basement of the MLB, rooms to be announced later, for each of the above courses. At these meeting, students will be assigned to remaining vacated spaces in the most fair and equitable manner possible, using a lottery system. At no time, however, will any class be allowed to exceed 25 students. Students must bring their CRISP Official Printout of Classes and the Proof of Attendance form to the meeting!

3. Please note that you will not be allowed to Change sections at the French meetings. Beginning Thursday, September 16, Elementary French Language Supervisors will hear requests for section changes and fill those requests to whatever degree is possible.

4. Please ensure when adding with the override that you also add modifiers for pass/fail, etc.

Students who intend to continue a language begun in high school must take a placement test to determine the course level at which they will start their college language instruction. Students who began French at another college or university also take the placement test.

Courses in French (Division 371)

Elementary Language Courses

Students who intend to continue a language begun in high school must take a placement test to determine the course level at which they will start their college language instruction. Students who began French at another college or university also take the placement test.

101. Elementary French. Credit is not granted for more than two courses from French 101, 102, and 103. (4). (LR).
Students with any prior study of French must take the Placement Test. The sequence of French 101/102 presents the essential elements of French grammar, vocabulary, and culture which are needed in everyday life to understand French spoken at a moderate speed and to be understood by sympathetic native speakers. Vocabulary and structures are practiced in class primarily through communicative activities stressing listening and speaking. Authentic documents are used to develop reading skills and culture. Cultural awareness and listening skills are further developed through listening and video materials. Classes meet four hours per week in sections of 20-25 students. Daily homework assignments involve studying vocabulary and grammar, writing exercises or short compositions, and practice in listening comprehension. There are several quizzes and tests, as well as midterm and final examinations and speaking tests. Class participation is graded. Students with any prior study of French should NOT enroll in sections. (Sections: 007 - 008 are reserved for students who have never studied French) Cost:3 (Staff)

103. Review of Elementary French. Assignment by placement test. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 102. (4). (LR).
French 103 is a course for students with some prior language study in French, and covers the same material presented in French 101/102. Entrance into the course is by placement, or with the permission of the course coordinator. Because students are expected to be already familiar with some of the material, the course moves at a rapid pace, and students will need to plan on spending at least 8-10 hours each week preparing daily lessons. The objectives and methods of instruction are similar to those of French 101/102. Frequent quizzes (with both oral and written components) are administered to check students' assimilation of material. There are two hourly exams, a final and speaking tests. By the end of the course, students will have a good working vocabulary and strong listening comprehension skills; they should be able to express themselves in French (both in writing and orally) using most of the basic structural patterns in the language. (Staff)

231. Second-Year French. French 102, or 103, or equivalent; or assignment by placement test. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 112 or 230. (4). (LR).
Students whose last French course was NOT at U of M Ann Arbor must take the placement test. The sequence French 231/232 are the third and fourth terms of language study offered. It presents a comprehensive grammar review, study of finer points of French structure, and the reading of journalistic prose, short stories, and literary excerpts. Both courses include the use of French movies and video. The proficiency gained by the end of French 232 should enable students to express themselves in French on topics of interest, to understand conversations on such topics. Classes meet four times per week in sections of 20-25 students. Since communicative skills are emphasized daily, regular attendance and active participation are essential. Homework consists of grammar study, written exercises, and laboratory work both audio and video. There are comprehensive coursewide tests as well as the midterm and final examinations. Cost:3 WL:See statement above (Mellor).

232. Second-Year French, Continued. French 231 or equivalent; or assignment by placement test. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 112 or 230. (4). (LR).
In French 232, students will continue learning and reviewing vocabulary and grammar from the second half of the book Ensuite. There will be short weekly readings (advertisements, literary, excerpts, and short stories) and by the middle of the term, students will begin reading a full-length French novel!! (They will read the majority of the novel on their own and take a reading comprehension test at the end of the term). Throughout the term, students will listen to French songs, see several videos (from French television) as well as two French movies. Classes meet four times per week in sections of 20-25 students. Since communicative skills are emphasized, daily, regular attendance and active participation are essential. In addition to the outside reading test, there will be 3 course wide tests, a midterm, and a final examination. (Mellor)

Other Language Courses

361. Intermediate French. French 232 or equivalent. (3; 2-4 in half-term). (Excl).
Section 001: De Marianne à Arianne.
The course is designed to help you expand your knowledge of some aspects of contemporary France, and see how traditions and contemporary concerns intermingle in France on the eve of the 21st century. Lectures will deal with topics ranging from education, history and geography, to integral parts of everyday life such as family, cafes and leisure. These topics will be used as the basis for discussion and writing in the sections for which students will be asked to read articles and work with videos. The final grade will take into account your active participation, bimonthly papers, in-class exams, oral presentations and final. (Belloni)

362. Advanced French. French 361 or equivalent. (3). (Excl).
French 362 is neither a literature nor a grammar class. It is designed as a bridge between the highly structured activities of language courses and the more independent work required in literature and civilization courses. French 362 has two main objectives: 1) to help students improve their written and oral fluency; 2) to familiarize students with the linguistic and analytic tools necessary to approach a document, whether a literary text, a newspaper article, or a video document. Used as the basis of round-table discussions and written exercises, these documents will help students increase their ability to write and converse fluently on different themes presented in class. Active classroom participation is essential, and is part of the final grade. All classes are taught in French. Bi-monthly essays, 2 in-class exams, one final examination. WL:4 (Belloni)

370/RC Core 370. Advanced Proficiency in French. RC Core 320, or French 362, or permission of instructor. (3). (Excl).
See RC Core 370. (Carduner)

Courses in Italian (Division 399)

Elementary Language Courses

101. Elementary Italian. (4). (LR).
This course has as its primary objective the acquisition of a fundamental understanding of basic Italian grammar with parallel emphasis on conversation. Text, workbook and lab manual required; Italian 101 covers the first half of the text. Course topics include (1) fundamental sentence structure, (2) verb conjugations, (3) adjectives, adverbs, and sentence agreement, and (4) nouns, pronouns, and conjunctive pronouns and their position. Methods of instruction include (1) grammar drill, (2) conversation exercises, (3) translation both oral and written, and (4) weekly quizzes. Grading is based on quizzes, class participation, midterm, and a final examination. Cost:3 WL:1 (Habekovic)

205. Italian Conversation for Non-concentrators. Italian 102 or equivalent. (1). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit.
Italian 205 emphasizes fluency and self-expression in conversational Italian. This course is for students who have had at least two (2) terms of Italian and are interested in acquiring a certain facility with the spoken language. Class work consists of reading materials from various sources which will be discussed in class. Class will meet twice a week. There are no examinations, and the grading is on a credit basis only. Success in the course is determined on the basis of attendance, homework and participation in classroom activities. (Olken)

231. Second-Year Italian. Italian 102 or equivalent; or permission of course supervisor. No credit granted to those who have completed 112 or 230. (4). (LR).
This course reviews grammar, introduces students to standard modern Italian through the reading of short stories, plays and poetry, and increases student facility in writing and speaking Italian. Compositions are required and are based upon reading or other topics of interest. Class discussions and oral reports center on readings or current events. Grading is based on class participation, compositions, quizzes, a midterm, and a final examination. Cost:2 (Habekovic)

232. Second-Year Italian, Continued. Italian 231 or permission of course supervisor. No credit granted to those who have completed 112. (4). (LR).
This course aims at a further development of each student's reading and speaking knowledge of Italian, including increased facility in both conversation and oral comprehension. There is a continuing review of grammar, and the elements of composition. Various genres of literature are read and discussed, and occasional short papers are required on these or other related topics. Oral reports on various topics are also required. Grading is based on short papers, class participation, quizzes, a midterm, and a final examination. Cost:1 WL:4 (Habekovic)

Courses in Portuguese (Division 452)

101. Elementary Portuguese. (4). (LR).
This course is designed to give students the ability to understand the Portuguese of everyday life when spoken at a moderate speed, to be understood in typical situations of everyday life, and to read non-technical Portuguese of moderate difficulty. Because of the nature of the materials and the nationality and training of the present staff, students will learn the variety of Portuguese spoken in Brazil by educated speakers. Classroom work involves gradual introduction of Portuguese structure through dialogues and communication exercises which stress listening and speaking. Homework consists of studying grammar, memorizing structures and verb forms and writing exercises. Grading will be based on six hourly quizzes (two partial exams), oral exercises, homework, class participation and attendance and a final exam. Portuguese 101 is offered only in the Fall Term. Cost:2 WL:4 (Viviani)

Courses in Spanish (Division 484)

Elementary Language Courses

Students who intend to continue a language begun in high school are given a placement test to determine the course level at which they will start their college language instruction. Students who began Spanish at another college or university must also take the placement test.

101. Elementary Spanish. (4). (LR).
Spanish 101, an introductory course, has been designed to help students develop proficiency in understanding, speaking, reading, and writing in Spanish at the beginning level. Furthermore, it intends to enhance a deeper understanding of the culture/Culture of Spanish-speaking peoples. Grade is based on several quizzes, in class oral work, written work, a Midterm and a Final exam, both of which assess the student's proficiency in all five skills. Cost:4 (Guzman)

103. Review of Elementary Spanish. Assignment by placement test or permission of department. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 102. (4). (LR).
A refresher course for students with two or three years of high school Spanish whose previous study did not occur within the preceding two years. Equivalent to 101 and 102 condensed into one term. It prepares students for Spanish 231. Transfer students should elect Spanish 103 if they have completed the equivalent of Spanish 101 elsewhere. Cost:2 WL:4

231. Second-Year Spanish. Spanish 102, or 103, or the equivalent; or assignment by placement test. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 112 or 230. (4). (LR).
Spanish 231, a third-term course, has been designed to help students develop proficiency in understanding, speaking, reading and writing in Spanish at the intermediate level. Furthermore, it intends to enhance deeper understanding of the culture/Culture of Spanish-speaking peoples. Grade is based on several quizzes, a Midterm and a Final exam, which assess the student's proficiency in all five skills. (Hilberry)

232. Second-Year Spanish, Continued. Spanish 231 or the equivalent; or assignment by placement test. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 230 or 112. (4). (LR).
Section 001.
This course is designed to develop fluency in understanding, speaking, reading, and writing Spanish and to provide a deeper understanding of the literature, history, culture, outlooks, and habits of Spanish-speaking peoples. Course grade is based on exams, designed to assess ability to speak, understand, read and write Spanish, plus periodic written work (including compositions) and oral class participation. WL:4 (Milne)

Section 019. Spanish language will be used as a tool in studying the culture of selected Spanish speaking countries of southern South American. A variety of materials and approaches will be used. Differences and similarities with American culture will be explored. Active participation in class discussions is expected. Final grade will be based on class participation, quizzes, compositions, oral presentations, midterm and final exam. The goal of this course is to enhance the cultural understanding of this part of South America and to improve the use of Spanish language.

Section 020. This course is designed to develop fluency in understanding, speaking, reading, and writing Spanish and to provide a deeper understanding of the literature, history, culture, outlooks, and habits of Spanish-speaking peoples. Course grade is based on exams, designed to assess ability to speak, understand, read and write Spanish, plus periodic written work (including compositions) and oral class participation. WL:4 (Guzman)

Section 021. Spanish 232, a fourth-term language/literature course, has been designed to help students develop proficiency in understanding, speaking, reading, and writing in Spanish at the intermediate-advance level. It has been structured with the specific aim of giving students an overview of Hispanic art and literature. Grade is based on student presentations, class discussions, a Mid-term and a Final exam, which assess the student's proficiency in all five skills. (Hilberry)

Section 022. This course will present an overview of the history and cultural development of Mexico and Central America from the time of the Spanish conquests to the present. Working with the selected readings students will gain important insights into the historical processes leading up to the formation of the present day Mexican and Central American societies. The readings will include eye-witness accounts of the Spanish conquests from both the Spanish and Native American perspectives, selections treating the nature of the pre-Columbian American societies, and general readings treating the colonial period, the formation of the modern republics, and the arts, literatures, and political situations of the same. The course will also include in-class interviews with representatives of the Mexican and Central American cultures. (Milne)

Other Language Courses

307/Amer. Cult. 307. Spanish for U.S. Latinos. Basic knowledge of Spanish language or permission of instructor. (3). (Excl).
See American Culture 307. (Aparicio)

358. Spanish Conversation for Non-Concentrators. Spanish 232 or equivalent. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Spanish 361 or 362. A maximum of six credits of Spanish 358, 361, and 362 may be counted toward graduation. (3). (Excl).
Spanish 358 is a practical Spanish conversation course for non-concentrators interested in the Spanish language and in contemporary Hispanic culture. Texts include journalistic prose as well as journal formatted videos aimed at increasing students' knowledge of current affairs in Spain and Latin America. Audio tapes will be employed to improve pronunciation, vocabulary and listening skills. Class format includes group discussions, debates, oral presentations and role-playing. Attendance and participation will be mandatory and will constitute a large part of the course grade. Grades will also be determined by examination of students' listening and expressive skills. Finally, students will practice writing in various practical formats such as letters, book or movie reviews, etc. These written exercises will form the final component of the course grade. (Pollard)

361. Introductory Composition and Conversation. Spanish 232 or equivalent. A maximum of six credits of Spanish 358, 361, and 362 may be counted toward graduation. (3). (Excl).
Spanish 361 is intended to increase the accuracy of students' Spanish and to increase vocabulary and cultural knowledge through readings. The course is centered on a grammar-review text. Students do readings in Spanish, prepare translations and other exercises, and expand vocabulary. Time is allotted to class discussion of readings and especially to the treatment of recurrent problems of grammar. Classes are conducted exclusively in Spanish. The final grade is based on compositions, exams and participation in class discussions or presentations. (Pollard)

362. Introductory Composition and Conversation. Spanish 232 or equivalent. A maximum of six credits of Spanish 358, 361, and 362 may be counted toward graduation. (3). (Excl).
Spanish 362 is intended to improve student's ability to read Spanish prose, as well as their skills in conversational and written Spanish. To this end, students will be presented with a variety of written, visual and audio materials designed to stimulate discussion, both written and oral. Compositions are assigned regularly and oral presentations by students required. Classes are conducted exclusively in Spanish. The final grade is based on compositions, exams and participation in class discussions or presentations. (Pollard)

Slavic Languages and Li teratures

Courses in Russian (Division 466)

Language

101. First-Year Russian. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 103 or 111. (4). (LR).
In this course the student is introduced to the basics of Russian pronunciation and grammar. The course begins with an intensive study of the Russian sound system and orthographic rules (the alphabet and correct spelling). Students spend an average of 1.5 hours a day working in the language lab in the first few weeks of the course. After the basics of pronunciation and spelling are mastered, the course turns to the basics of the Russian grammar and the nature of the homework shifts. Now students spend two hours each week in the language lab, and do an average of 1-1.5 hours a night writing exercises. The class is supplemented by video shows and slide shows. This class, just as Russian 102, 201, and 202 has evening exams. Students who intend to concentrate in Russian Language and Literature or in Russian and East European Studies might consider taking the intensive class, Russian 103. Cost:2 WL:4 (Staff)

102. First-Year Russian, Continued. Russian 101 or equivalent. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 103, 111, or 112. (4). (LR).
In this course, the sequel to Russian 101, students continue their survey of Russian grammar, expand their vocabulary and learn to express themselves in Russian about topics of interest including Russian and Soviet history and culture. The class is supplemented by video shows and slide shows. Students are expected to spend at least two hours a week listening to tapes in the language lab and to complete 1-1.5 hours of written homework every night. This course entails three hourly exams which are given in the evening over the course of the term. Cost:2 WL:4 (Staff)

103/RC Core 193. Intensive First-Year Russian. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 101, 102, 111, or 112. (10). (LR).
This course covers in one term what is ordinarily covered in two terms in Russian 101 and 102. The course carries ten credit hours which is over half the average underclass academic load and is designed for highly motivated students who wish to acquire rapid mastery of Russian. This course is especially recommended for students intending to choose a concentration in Russian Language and Literature or Russian and East European Studies. Students are expected to complete approximately 20 to 25 hours of homework per week, including four to five hours in the language laboratory. Cost:3 WL:3 (Staff)

Literature

231/University Courses 174. Russian Culture and Society: An Introduction. (3). (HU).
This is an interdisciplinary overview of the ten centuries of Russian culture, featuring presentations by faculty specialists. The tragic historical predicament of Russia will be discussed through its manifestations in verbal, visual, and performing arts, as well as in scientific, philosophical and scientific thought. The student will learn about such contributions to world culture as Igor's Tale, the Kievan Sophia, the icons as an expression of Orthodox spirituality, the drama of St. Petersburg and its great poetry and prose, the daring artistic experiments of Russian modernism in the 20th century, the towering multicultural and polyglot achievement of Nobokov, and the heroic contribution of Russian artists to the liberation of Russia. Requirements: midterm and final take-home. No knowledge of Russian necessary. (Ronen)

Courses in Czech (Division 355)

141. First-Year Czech. (4). (LR).
This is a beginner's course in the essentials of grammar and pronunciation. Daily preparation, quizzes and tests and the language lab are required of all students. Cost:1

Courses in Polish (Division 447)

Language

121. First-Year Polish. (4). (LR).
Introductory course presenting basic grammatical information and vocabulary. Constant oral drill and practice. Regular use of language laboratory. During the second term short Polish stories and poems are read as part of the classwork, and conversations and discussions in Polish are introduced at an elementary level. Cost:1 WL:4

Slavic Linguistics and Surveys (Division 474)

225/University Courses 173. Arts and Cultures of Central Europe. (3). (HU).
The course is an introduction to the rich cultures of the peoples of Central Europe (Croats, Czechs, Hungarians, Jews, Poles, Serbs, and Slovaks) seen against the background of two world wars, communism, and its recent disintegration. Culturally vibrant, Central Europe reveals the tragic destiny of twentieth-century civilization which gave rise to two totalitarian systems: fascism and communism. The course will outline the ethnic complexities of the region, with special attention to Jewish culture and its tragic destruction during the Holocaust. The trauma of the war on civilian population will be documented by contemporary films. The course will examine the fate of culture under totalitarianism, and study subterfuges used by novelists, dramatists and artists to circumvent political control and censorship. Students will read works by Kafka, Milosz, Kundera and Havel, see movies by Wajda and others, become acquainted with Czech and Polish avant-garde art and music, and the unique cultural atmosphere of Central European cities: Vienna, Prague, Budapest and Warsaw. (Toman, Eagle, Carpenter)

Courses in Macedonian

161. First Year Macedonian. (4). (LR).
This course is an introdution to Standard Macedonian, with emphasis on rapid mastery of the grammar and development of audio-lingual skills. Intensive oral drill and use of the Language Laboratory. Writing assignments, graded reading and translating on a regular basis. Daily homework and hour examinations and a final examination. Cost:1 WL:2

Primarily for Underclass Students

100. Principles of Sociology. Open to freshpersons and sophomores. Juniors are strongly encouraged to enroll in Soc. 400. Seniors must elect Soc. 400. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 400. No credit for seniors. (4). (SS).
Section 001.
This course is less a survey than a topical introduction. A text is used to map the discipline, while lecturers and further readings take up subjects (ranging from the sociobiology of incest avoidance to the social reproduction of inequality) that have been chosen first for their inherent interests and then for their capacity to illustrate characteristic modes of social scientific reasoning. They have been organized so as to roughly reflect the interests of the "founding fathers" of sociology: Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim. Thus our prime concerns are with the effects of social inequality and stratification (Marx), the grounds of authority and social organization (Weber), and deviance and cultural sociology (Durkheim). (Schneider)

Section 020. This course is designed to introduce students to the sociological perspective and then apply this perspective in analyzing the basic processes and-institutions of modern society. To this end, students will be exposed to-many of the important theories, concepts, and substantive concerns within the-sociological ns of modern Society. To this end, students will be exposed to many of the important theories, concepts, and substantive concerns within the sociological tradition. While the course will focus on the contemporary United States, comparative and historical perspectives will also be utilized. Grades will be based on three exams. (Kimeldorf)

101. Person and Society: An Introduction to Sociology Through Social Psychology. Open to freshpersons and sophomores. Juniors are strongly encouraged and seniors must take Soc. 400, 401, 452, 463, 464, 465, 470, 481, 482, or 486. No credit for seniors. (4). (SS).
The course will provide a general introduction to the social psychological perspective within Sociology; the study of social behavior as a product of the interaction between individuals and groups. Four major themes within Social Psychology will be examined: 1) the impact that one individual has on another individual, 2) the impact that a group has on its individual members, 3) the impact that individual members have on the group, and 4) the impact that one group has on another group. The course will consist of two lectures and one discussion section each week. Cost:2 WL:1 (Orbuch)

102. Contemporary Social Issues: An Introduction to Sociology. Open to freshpersons and sophomores. Juniors are strongly encouraged and seniors must take Soc. 302, 303, 400, 401, 423, 444, 447, 450, 460, or 461. No credit for seniors. (4). (SS). Credit is granted for a combined total of 8 credits elected through Soc. 102, 202, 203, and 401, provided that the course topics are different.
Section 001: Introduction to Sociology through Organizations and Institutions.
Knowledge of organizations, how they work, and how people work in them, provides a critical means for learning about and understanding societies. This course overviews a variety of institutional fields like the economy, education, religion, government, sports and the arts; and the organizations associated with them such as businesses, schools, churches, the police, sport teams, and modes of entertainment. Using these different institutional settings, the course examines a variety of sociological perspectives on concepts like authority, culture, discrimination, domination, hierarchies, inequality, power, empowerment, cooperation, competition, conflict, etc. While the course focuses primarily on the US, it examines these questions both historically and comparatively with other societies. Examining individual organizations and organizational forms over time provides a framework for understanding the forces which lead to organizational change and broader social transformations. (Guilarte)

Section 009: Introduction to Sociology through Social Movements. Open the newspaper on any given day and something that could be called a "social movement" is occuring somewhere in the world. The goal of some of these movements has been nothing less than the complete transformation of entire societies. Others have attempted to effect more limited changes. Keeping in mind the impact of social movements on our everyday lives, in this course we will define and try to understand a variety of collective actions in basic sociological terms, using historical and contemporary examples. The possibilities include the L.A. Riots, recent events in Eastern Europe, the American Civil Rights' Movement, the Women's Movement, various student movements, the French, Chinese, American, Russian Revolutions, the South African ANC, the National Association of Scholars, Tiananmen Square, dance/music/fashion crazes, banditry, and sports; but students are encouraged to think of and apply the theories discussed to their own examples. (Hart)

Section 018: Introduction to Sociology through Inequality in America. This course will introduce the student to sociological analysis by examining change and persistence in social inequality in 20th century America. We begin by reviewing different theoretical traditions, each of which shapes our view of human nature and human possibilities, as well as how much inequality is ethical, just, or inevitable. We then turn to the major forms of social inequality in America: class, race, and gender. While providing some historical background, our main focus will be on understanding the shaping and reshaping of American society in the latter half of the century. Examples of the kinds of questions asked in the course are: Why does poverty exist, and what would have to be done to eradicate it? Why does racism persist after the tremendous success of the Civil Rights Movement? How can we understand the kinds of changes occurring in families, between men, women, and children? Course requirements, in addition to readings and lectures, include a midterm and final exam, participation in sections, and a 7-8 page paper. (Blum)

195. Principles in Sociology (Honors). Open to freshpersons and sophomores admitted to the Honors Program, or other freshpersons and sophomores with a grade point average of at least 3.2. Juniors are strongly encouraged and seniors must take Soc. 400. No credit for seniors. Credit is not granted for both Sociology 195 and Sociology 100 or 400. (4). (SS).
SECTION 001. This course takes an innovative approach in teaching introductory sociology: it utilizes primary sources and emphasizes critical thinking. The course is divided into three parts: sociological theory, sociological methodology, and contemporary American society. For theory, you will read classical sociologists such as Marx, Weber, and Durkheim. For methodology, you will learn the logic (as well as the "illogic") of reasoning in social science. For contemporary American society, you will pursue a research project in an area of your own interest with data that have already been collected. You should be prepared to take computer labs. Prior knowledge of microcomputers and popular softwares is helpful but not required. Cost:2 WL:2 (Yu Xie)

For Undergraduates Only

389. Practicum in Sociology. Permission of instructor. May not be included in a concentration plan in sociology. (2-4). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit. (EXPERIENTIAL). May be repeated for a total of 8 credits.
Sociology 389 is known as "Project Community" and "Trained Volunteer Corps". Students combine 4 to 6 hours of weekly service in community settings, with weekly student-led seminars. Seminars are interactive, focus on related sociological issues, and provide a time for mutual support, planning and problem-solving. Over 50 sections offer settings that include working in school classrooms with "at-risk" children and youth in a variety of tutoring, chemical dependency, mentoring situations; in the adult and juvenile criminal justice system; with adult literacy; with the homeless; and with elderly, the mentally ill, the disabled, and in hospitals. For more information, come t:o the Office of Community Service Learning, in the Michigan Union, Room 2205.

SECTION 001. (Leadership Development Class). Designed for freshmen and sophomores who are aspiring leaders, new leaders or members of an organization. The student's participation in an organization will serve as both a testing ground for skills learned in the seminars as well as a resource for class discussions. Skills such as listening, communication, problem-solving, conflict resolution and assertiveness will be reviewed and rehearsed. Stages of organizational development will be reviewed, enabling students to acquire the ability to recognize symptoms of organizational function and dysfunction.

SECTION 002. (Advanced Leadership Seminar). This course is designed for junior and seniors who have held or currently hold organizational positions of significant responsibility. The seminar sessions consist of four modules, each consisting of a series of sessions which examine current issues, trends, concepts and situations related to leadership and organizational development. Students' past and present leadership experiences will serve as an important resource for the class.

Sections 004-010, 046 047 (Health and Special Populations). Students in these sections work as volunteers in local hospitals or with a variety of special populations in the community. You will find your life enriched through being a friend to a retarded adult living in a group home, working with a developmentally disabled child on sports skills or community interaction, with children at SAFE House, assisting in activities at a drop-in center for~ homeless and mentally ill persons struggling to stay out of the institutions. Seminars look at health and health care access and at issues related to the interaction of society, social attitudes, policies, and the specific population.

SECTIONS 011-013, 019, 050. (Public Classrooms and Tutoring). Students in these sections are involved as classroom aides during the school day, or as tutors/mentors in a variety of after-school settings for children and youth considered "at- risk" in the school system. Working with small groups of children or one-on-one with students needing assistance and participating in the general classroom activities is a rewarding way to learn much about yourself and about schooling. After-school programs allow you to establish a particular relationship with one or two children while being supported by the group project. Previous teaching experience or training is not necessary. Seminars focus on issues of race, class, gender, achievement and expectations as they affect the schooling of children in our society.

SECTION 049. (Environmental Advocacy) Students in this section will be responsible for contacting one of five agencies and setting up their own volunteer placement. Sites include Project Grow, Ecology Center and others.

Sections 014, 015, 048 (Pre-School Centers). Students may choose from a host of centers. Each center has its own distinctive philosophy. Students play with and read to children, help teachers and help to create a fun and stimulating environment.

SECTIONS 055 and 056. (Intergroup Relations). In the Blacks and Jews Project students will examine questions regarding the relationship between African Americans and Jews. Students will have the opportunity to explore their own ethnic backgrounds as well as commonalities and differences. Students will develop skills that enable them to constructively deal with conflict and enhance intergroup understanding. The Blacks and Whites Project is similar in focus, but may be limited to Couzens Hall residents only. Both groups will have a service project in the community and a weekly discussion group.

SECTIONS 020-026, 032-034. (Adult Corrections). Project Community involves students with adults in a range of different Criminal Justice settings. Opportunities include: student led discussion groups with inmates, pre-release counseling, facilitating a creative writing seminar, courtwatching.

SECTIONS 027-031, 035, 036. (Juvenile Justice) Project Community involves students with youth in a variety of Juvenile Justice settings. These include: mentoring at-risk youth in a diversion program, being special friends to group home residents and providing recreational and educational activities to institutionalized teens in detention and training schools. Most projects have a small group focus although some one-to-one placements are available.

SECTIONS 037-043. (Chemical Dependency). Project Community is committed to involving students in all levels of chemical dependency programming. During the `'93-94 academic year, service-learning opportunities are offered for volunteers in children's prevention, education and child care programs, as mentors and tutors with adolescents, and in adult treatment within the criminal justice system. Some site placements require a two term commitment beginning in the fall term. Two and three credit opportunities are available each term. Interested students must interview with the Program Director prior to enrollment.

SECTIONS 051-054. The Trained Volunteer Corps projects offer the opportunity to work with individuals who are vulnerable in our communities. Students choose from among a variety of agencies that work with homeless, elderly, at-risk youth and adult literacy. TVC students receive hands on skills training to enable them to work effectively at their sites.

Cost:1 WL:5; enrollment is by override only; visit Project Community Office, 2205 Michigan Union. (Chesler, Kritt)

Statistics (Division 489)

100(300). Introduction to Statistical Reasoning. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Soc. 210, Poli.Sci. 280, Stat. 402, 311, 405, or 412, or Econ. 404. (4). (NS).
This course is designed to provide an overview of the field of statistics. Course topics include methods of analyzing and summarizing data, statistical reasoning as a means of learning from observations (experimental or sample), and techniques for dealing with uncertainties in drawing conclusions from collected data. Basic fallacies in common statistical analyses and reasoning are discussed and proper methods indicated. Alternative approaches to statistical inference are also discussed. The course emphasis is on presenting basic underlying concepts rather than on covering a wide variety of different methodologies. Course evaluation is based on a combination of two Thursday evening midterm examinations, a final examination and teaching fellow input. The course format includes three lectures and a laboratory (1 hour per week). Cost:2 WL:3 (Staff)

402. Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Econ. 404 or Stat. 311, 405, or 412. (4). (NS).
In this course students are introduced to the concepts and applications of statistical methods and data analysis. Statistics 402 has no prerequisite and has been elected by students whose mathematics background includes only high school algebra. Examples of applications are drawn from virtually all academic areas and some attention is given to statistical process control methods. The course format includes three lectures and a laboratory (l.5 hours per week). The laboratory section deals with the computational aspects of the course and provides a forum for review of lecture material. For this purpose, students are introduced to the use of a micro-computer package and the Macintosh computer. Course evaluation is based on a combination of three examinations GIVEN WEDNESDAY EVENINGS, a final examination and teaching fellow input. Cost: 2 WL: 3 (Staff)

Theatre and Drama (Division 695)

101. Introduction to Acting I. Permission of instructor (brief interview). (3). (Excl).
This course is designed as a general introduction to the fundamental skills of acting in the theatre. It involves discussion and practical work, including theatre games, warm-up, monologue, and scene work. Some papers and selected reading. Brief, informal interviews are required for admission to all sections. Further details at Theatre Office, Room 2550, Frieze Building. Cost:1 (Maylie)

102. Introduction to Acting II. Permission of instructor. (3). (Excl).
This course is designed to build on the experience of Theatre 101 or Theatre 236. The course offers an introduction to acting in the theatre, with particular attention to the fundamentals of dramatic action and characterization. Scene work is stressed. Scenes and monologues will be performed in class, and graded, and a midterm examination will also be part of the grade in the course. Brief, informal interviews are required for admission to all sections. Further details at Theatre Office, Room 2550, Frieze Building. Texts: Robert Cohen, Acting One, 2d edition, and Ed. McNamara, Plays from the Contemporary American Theater. Cost:2 (Woods)

211/Res. College Hums. 280/English 245. Introduction to Drama and Theatre. (4). (HU).
What have "theater" and "drama" meant at different times in history, what do they mean now, and what else could they mean? What impulses and skills have gone and go into the creation of theatrical events, and what needs do they attempt to fulfill? What's meant by "performance," "stage," "audience," "director," "tragedy," "comedy," and a dozen other terms we tend nowadays to use rather casually? In attempting to answer such questions we will be examining certain key scripts in their theatrical and social contexts. Course requirements include participation in class discussion, the reading of an introductory text as well as plays, reviews of university productions, and exams. The course functions by lectures and sections, the second of which allows more detailed discussion. Cost:3 WL:3 (Cardullo)

222/CAAS 341. Introduction to Black Theatre. (3). (HU).
This course will cover the origins, development and current trends in Black Theatre. It will focus on the basic concepts, creations, methods of operation, and artistic contributions of Black Americans to the theatre of Western Civilization and the theatre of Black America. It will also include an in-depth study of the significance and results connected with the selected deletion of the Black American contribution to the development of American theatre and drama. Representative plays from the Black theatre will be explored through lectures, discussions and interpretive readings. Participation in class and attendance are mandatory as are assignments such as viewing campus theatre productions and other productions in the Ann Arbor area. A written essay, four quizzes, a midterm and final examination will also be given in partial fulfillment of the course requirements. Text: THE THEATRE OF BLACK AMERICANS, ed. by Errol Hill. Cost:1 WL:2,4 (Jackson)

233/CAAS 342. Acting and the Black Experience. Permission of instructor (brief interview). (3). (HU).
This course is designed as an introduction to the fundamental skills of acting in the theatre, with special emphasis on the presentation of drama from a Black perspective. Course content involves discussion and practical work, including theater games, improvisation, development of warm-up exercises, monologue, and scene work. All dramatic texts used for monologues and scene study will come from the works of representative Black playwrights. Some papers and selected reading, a midterm and final examination are required. A brief, informal interview is required for admission to this course. Further details at Theatre Office, Room 2550, Frieze Building. Text: ACTING ONE, by Robert Cohen. Cost:1 WL:2,4 (Jackson)

234. Voice I. Permission of instructor. (2). (Excl).
This course is an introduction to the voice both technically and imaginatively. Through extensive exercises, students increase their physical awareness and vocal responsiveness for performance. This introduction is designed to give students a greater appreciation of the vocal process leading to a naturally freer and individually connected voice. (Masson)

235. Movement I. Permission of instructor. (2). (Excl).
This course aims to provide performers with a working knowledge of their bodies. Exercises, improvisation, and other techniques will aid in developing awareness of the physical `instrument' as an expressive means. Cost:1 (Schweibert)

236. Acting I. Permission of instructor (audition). (3). (Excl).
This course serves only those students having a serious interest in the art of acting and the intention of progressing to more advanced performance classes. It is still, however, an introductory course, offering `on feet' work with a particular emphasis on the exploration and definition of the physical aspects of acting through theatre games, exercises, and improvisation. Papers and selected readings are required, as is student attendance at departmental productions. Entry is by permission of instructor, determined through a short audition and interview. Audition sign-ups with further information will be posted at Room 2545A, Frieze Building, by March 28. (Schweibert)

250. Introduction to Technical Theatre Practices. (3). (Excl).
This class is s survey of all aspects of theatre production. Scenery construction, rigging and painting, stage lighting, costume construction, and stage makeup are among topics investigated. Students also work in University Productions in the lab portion of the class. Cost:2 WL:4 (Decker)

251. Production Practicum 1. (1). (Excl).
Theatre Practicum.
Students enrolled in this class perform duties as stage scenery, lighting, sound, wardrobe, or stage properties crews for School of Music Theatre, Dance, Opera, and Musical Theatre Productions. No previous experience required. No Text. WL:4 Assignment meeting 5:00 PM Sept. 17 in the Trueblood Theatre. (Decker)

University Courses (Division 495)

First-Year Seminars, offered under the University Courses division in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, provide a unique small class educational experience to first-year students.

Seminars are offered by outstanding faculty and emeritus faculty from many different departments on a variety of topics. Each provides a group of approximately fifteen students with a stimulating introduction to the intellectual life of the University by exposing them to engaging subject matter and offering the opportunity for active participation that a small class will afford. It is hoped that students who take a seminar will find in it a sense of intellectual and social community that will make the transition to a large university easier. Some may discover a subject to pursue in further courses.

Seminars are open to all first-year students and should be elected along with other courses. Each will count toward satisfying the distribution requirements of the College in one of the three basic subject areas: Humanities (150), Social Sciences (151), or Natural Sciences (152).

Collegiate Seminars, offered under the University Course division (495) in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, provide a unique small class educational opportunity to students.

Seminars allow a student to personalize his or her education. Each seminar is taught by a regular professorial faculty member. Each is limited to approximately twenty students. Interaction between student and teacher, made possible by the small size of the class, facilitates deeper learning and allows the student to get to know a faculty member personally. Moreover, students find that in seminars, they learn much from one another because a learning community develops, and dialogue among students as well as between student and teacher takes place. We strongly recommend that each student take at least one seminar during the four years at Michigan.

Collegiate Seminars are open to any student who has completed the Introductory Composition Requirement. The seminars emphasize critical thinking about important and central topics and feature further instruction in writing.

All Collegiate Seminars count toward satisfaction of the College's distribution requirements in one of the three basic subject areas: Humanities (250), Social Sciences (251), or Natural Sciences (252).

101. Methods of Thinking. ECB writing assessment. (4). (Introductory Composition).
This course has two aims: (1) to improve the student's ability to read with understanding, to think critically, and to write well; (2) to help the student to achieve a better understanding of the nature of intellectual activity and of education. College work is, and should be, different from high school work, requiring different and more sophisticated intellectual skills and techniques. But almost all courses in college concentrate exclusively on their own special subject-matter. A sociology course concentrates on teaching you sociology, a chemistry course on teaching chemistry, and so on. College instructors rarely teach in an explicit and direct manner the intellectual techniques and frameworks necessary for successful college work. They assume that you have these skills already or can somehow pick them up along the way, while they go ahead and teach their own special subjects. University Course 101 attempts to teach these skills directly and explicitly, to make your college career more successful and to sharpen abilities which will be invaluable in later life whatever field you may work in. This is a course for the person who is seriously interested in intellectual activity. It is not a remedial course and it is not an orientation course. Some of the materials which we will discuss will be complex and profound, and a number of the topics lie on the intellectual frontiers of our time.

The topics for discussion will include the following: the nature of argumentation, evaluation of arguments and positions, methods of reading, types of critical thinking; special intellectual problems in the humanities, the social sciences, and the natural sciences--problems such as the relation between theory and reality, bias and subjectivity in the social sciences, the nature and justification of the humanities; questions about education, including morality in education, diverse ideals of the educated person, open admissions, reverse discrimination, academic freedom, and the unionization of the faculty. This course will be taught in small sections of no more than fifteen students each, so that students can receive individual attention. Readings will be assigned covering the above topics. We will proceed by class discussion supplemented by some lectures. There will be a number of writing assignments throughout the term. Cost:2 WL:5. Admission restricted to Honors freshmen through overrides at the Honors Office. (J. Meiland)

102. The Student in the University. Restricted to students in the 21st Century Program. (1). (Excl). Mandatory credit/no credit.
This course will provide students with an opportunity to critically review their role in the university. It will allow students to consider the expectations of their experience at the-university within a framework of theoretical perspectives. It is hoped that students will develop a broad understanding of what their university experience can include and how they can shape it to realize their academic-potential and intellectual development. The course will focus on the transition from high school to college, role of the liberal arts, critical thinking, intergroup relations and social change. The issues and challenges of living and working in a multicultural society will be examined. This discussion will include a focus of student perceptions, relevant research and university resources. the large group will include presentations and the small discussion groups will focus on the readings and areas of practical concern. (Hummel)

110/Biology 110. Introduction to Global Change I. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Natural Resources 110. (4). (NS).
See Biology 110. (Teeri)

150. First-Year Seminar. First-year standing; sophomores with permission of instructor. (4). (HU). May be repeated for credit.
Section 001. Ethics - Moral Values.
Broadly, the science of ethics or morals is concerned with character and behavior that is approved or disapproved. Thus, the science of morality seeks intelligent, reliable judgment of behavior and character. The terms approval and disapproval indicate the point of view from which ethical science investigates its field. Critical thought undertakes to order such specifics as just, saintly, ought, honorable, courageous, intemperate, treacherous, perverse, corrupting, and related ideas under the general rubric of value. Therefore, it is the purpose of this seminar to explore the behavior and character associated with composing a "symphony of values" by each student. Each student will be required to write two brief papers (not to exceed 10 pages), one on her or his symphony of values and one on a moral, personal interest. Grades will be determined by the quality not quantity of participation, class discussion, and papers submitted. The required reading will include: Fried, Charles. Right and Wrong, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1978. Additional reading will be assigned in class. (Cash)

Section 002. Gibbon and the Decline of the Roman Empire. Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire remains one of the great works of history in the English language. As such, it invites study both for its own sake and as a persistently powerful interpretation of Roman history and the nature of the empire. The purpose of this class is to examine Gibbon the historian, his self conscious creation of the image of the ideal historian in his highly literary autobiography, and then to examine the historian at work. We will look at the way that Gibbon constructed his narrative, the difficulties he had with his sources, and the problem of folding different topics into a narrative framework. We will also look at some of the controversy that his history generated with the publication of volume 1 in 1776. In the end, we will try to control three topics: Gibbon's construction of history, the quality of his history as an account of the decline of the Roman empire (it is still regarded as one of the most penetrating ever written), and Gibbon's place in his intellectual world. There will be three short papers (5-7 pages) an oral report and three short in class writing exercises. (Potter)

Section 003. Modes of Fiction. The pleasure we derive from reading stories may be deepened by a study of the art of fiction, a phrase which implies an important set of relations between what is told and the manner of its telling. This course in "The Modes of Fiction" identifies some of these relations and shows how they operate in a variety of short pieces of fiction. It establishes a useful vocabulary of definitions (theme, subject, tone, etc.); it inquires into the interplay between the elements of fiction; it tries to discriminate between kinds of fiction and evaluate their effects. Its aim is to create a community of discourse about literature through a study of how stories are told. Analysis and discussion will be the usual class procedure. Writing consists of several short papers at the beginning of the term followed by three or four longer critical papers. (Steinhoff)

Section 004. Racism. The seminar experience is designed to provide each member an opportunity to explore a wide range of socio-psychological, eco-political, philo-ethnical and educational problems associated with racism. These are highly interdependent and overlapping. Attention will be given such questions as: What is racism? Who is racist? What is personal racism? What is institutional racism? What is the significance of racism and strategies for change? The seminar sessions will consist of lectures, discussion and individual reports, not to exceed 10 pages. The grade in the seminar will be based on the quality of individual assignments, contribution to the class discussion, midterm and final examinations. Farley, Reynolds. Blacks and Whites. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1984. Racism in America and How to Combat It. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Clearinghouse Publication, Urban Series, No. 1, January, 1970. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (in course pack). (Cash)

Section 005. Understanding Russia Through its Heresies and Heretics. This course is an introduction to Russian culture, which examines some of its most extraordinary features in order to understand what distinguishes Russia so markedly from other European countries. Russia's remarkable and numerous heresies and heretics, literal and figurative, from the Middle Ages to the present day, have played an abiding and surprisingly central role in the definition and redefinition of "Russian-ness," and have attracted many modern writers, artists and historians, who have seen in such heretical "outsiders" elements key to an understanding of Russia as a whole. Materials--including texts, music, film, and paintings--representing a range of interests and historical periods will be examined; figures to be studied include the so-called "mad monk" Grigory Rasputin, the great prose authors of the nineteenth-century (including Tolstoy and Dostoevsky), the seventeenth-century schismatic Avvakum, author of the "first Russian autobiography," and the dissidents and martyrs of the Soviet period; if possible, a visit to a Russian sectarian community in the Midwest will also be included in the course. Requirements are: active participation in class discussion; one presentation; five short (2-3 page) papers; a final, longer (10 page) paper. (Makin)

Section 006. The Art of Pablo Picasso. This seminar will involve lectures, films, class discussions, and projects, all centered on the extraordinary achievements of the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso (1881-1973). Picasso during his very long and very active career not only played a key role in revolutionary redefinitions of form and content in the visual arts of painting and sculpture, but he also produced objects and images which continue to challenge the imaginations in spheres ranging from private fantasy to public "policy." The text will be Hilton, Picasso (paperback). Substantial additional readings will be assigned from the material on reserve for class discussion, papers, and projects. There will be two short papers (5-7 pages) and a class presentation project based on a precis of 7-8 pages. There will be no examinations. Regular class attendance and participation in discussion is mandatory. (Miesel)

Section 007. What Can We Know About the Historical Jesus? How reliable are the gospels' portraits of Jesus? Through an acquirement of the different critical methods which scholars apply to the gospel texts, the students will be enabled to form a defensible answer to this question. In addition to the methodological instruction, the students will acquire a basic knowledge about the religious, historical, and social world of the gospels. Grades will be based upon the students' ability and willingness to wield the methods of critical scholarship when reading the gospels. Both oral and written exercises will be required. (Fossum)

Section 008. Bhagavad-Gita: A Text in Context. Bhagavad-Gita is a very important Hindu religious text, read widely by the Hindus and non-Hindus alike. The University does not currently provide a systematic course dealing with this important text. This course will study the Bhagavad-Gita in its changing contexts. (1) Historical Text. The Bhagavad-Gita is part of the famous Indian epic Mahabharata, the largest known epic poem of about 100,000 verses. How and why a religious text such as the Bhagavad-Gita came to be incorporated into the epic is an important question. (2) Philosophical synthesis. A product of post-Buddhist Hindu India, the Bhagavad-Gita represents a conscious attempt to bring together divergent philosophical traditions and create a new synthesis of action and renunciation, and polytheism and monotheism. (3) Divergent interpretations. The text as handed down became an important religious document of great authority, and every subsequent philosophical-religious tradition had to interpret it in a unique way to find support for its own doctrines. We will investigate some of the reasons for these divergent interpretations. (4) Divergent political philosophies. In recent times, nationalist leaders like B. G. Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi derived inspiration from this text for their nationalist struggle against the British, and interpreted it in divergent ways to suit their own political purposes, one deriving a message of justified violent struggle, the other deriving non-violence from the same text. Students will be expected to select particular dimensions of the text and do focused reading and writing from a variety of approaches. There will be greater emphasis on trying to understand how and why a religious text gets interpreted so differently by different people at different times, than on just the contents of the text. There will be weekly discussions, short papers, a longer term-paper, and a presentation. (Deshpande)

151. First-Year Seminar. First-year standing; sophomores with permission of instructor. (4). (SS). May be repeated for credit.
Section 001. Current Issues in Sport Sociology.
A four hour seminar designed: to analyze and clarify the behaviors, cliches, and rituals that have traditionally characterized the institutionalization of sport in America; to provide opportunities to develop an understanding of the pervasiveness of sport and its influence on disparate societal elements such as: clothing styles, automobile design, language, sexual behaviors, social values and the concept of hero; to discuss and examine sport in terms of socialized theories from both microscopic and macroscopic perspectives; to review current issues in sport: Proposition 48, values in sport, sport organization, socialization into sport, and socialization via sport; to consider deviance, discrimination, religion, gender relations, politics and education in terms of sport as a social institution, as a microcosm of society and the interconnectedness among society's basic institutions; to provide an opportunity for students to facilitate their literacy in sport beyond a knowledge of names, places and statistics by developing a basic research project of their choosing on a current issue relevant to the course material. (Vaughn)

Section 002. Public Education in the South for Blacks and Other Minorities, 1863-1954. The purpose of the seminar will be to trace the development of elementary, secondary, and post-secondary education of Blacks and minorities in the southern states of the United States from the Emancipation Proclamation to May 18, 1954. Particular emphasis will be focused on judicial litigations from the supreme court decision to Plessy vs. Ferguson, from which the doctrine of "separate but equal" evolved, to the historic Brown vs. Topeka, Kansas Board of Education 1954, which upheld the fundamental principle that racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional. Of special importance will be seminar discussions revealing how Blacks and minorities were successful in achieving an education in spite of the barriers confronting them in the states where they resided and resulting from court decisions, including the Supreme Court of the United States. Students will be expected to read a number of the classic writings of Black and minority authors such as W.E.B. DuBois, E. Franklin Frazier, Booker T. Washington, John Hope Franklin, and many others. The writings of contemporary Blacks and minorities will be explored as well as books about Blacks and minorities such as Gunnar Myrdal's, An American Dilemma. Students will be expected to prepare readings, participate in seminar discussions, and develop a research topic preferably centered around one of the southern states under investigation in the seminar. (Palmer)

Section 003. Identity, Alienation, and Freedom. The purpose of this seminar will be to explore the concepts of identity, alienation and freedom as psychological and philosophical ideas. However, the orientation will be specific and applied to the normal situations and predicaments that college students experience. Questions to be considered: surviving as an individual in a large and often impersonal University; living up to and/or dealing with the expectations of parents and teachers; questioning authority in the context of the classroom; trading-off career pressures and personal goals in setting educational priorities. Of special importance will be the examination of the sometimes frightening loss of a sense of identity that accompanies significant alterations in life style, such as that experienced by students in the transition from high school to college or later, in the transition from college to the "real world." In addition to regular class meetings each student will meet individually with the instructor every third week at which time the student's individual reading and writing will be developed and discussed. Grades will be determined by the quantity and quality of this reading and writing. (Pachella)

Section 004. The West in Asia. This is an exploration of the interaction between an expanding West and traditional Asian states and cultures. European and later American efforts to establish trade with a far richer and more sophisticated Asia led to colonial regimes which came to dominate most of Asia, but these in turn stimulated the rise of Asian nationalism and the eventual defeat of colonialism, as well as profoundly influencing the nature of modern Asian societies. Asia is taken here to extend from the Indian subcontinent through Southeast Asia and China to Korea and Japan. The course begins with the circumstances which underlay late medieval Europe's exploration and expansion overseas, of which the first Asian venture was Vasco daGama's voyage to India in 1498, and then deals with the rise of Western colonial regimes and semi-colonial orders (in China and Japan), and ends with the opening of the Pacific War at Pearl Harbor in 1941, which marked the end of Western colonialism in Asia. This course is run on a discussion basis, with ample opportunity for student input. There are four short essay-style papers, and a highly varied set of readings. (Murphey)

Section 005. Travelers East: From Beowulf to the Cosmos. A good way of learning about changes in ourselves is to measure our changing perceptions of "foreigners." In this seminar we will read, look at, and compare descriptions by adventurers, explorers, and tourists, men and women, who traveled to what they called "exotic" places. Beginning with Beowulf, readings will include crusader chronicles, reports on the Mongols, dialogues with Muslims, Lawrence of Arabia, an Agatha Christie commentary on Iraq, depictions in art and on film of "the mysterious east," and accounts of "contacts" with aliens. Our goals will be to understand the difficulty of cross-cultural contact and to gain a better insight into the historical analysis of literature. (Lindner)

Section 006. Immigrant and Ethnic Communities In North America. The class consists of an anthropological approach to the history of immigration to the United States and Canada; the formation, acculturation and maintenance of immigrant and ethnic communities; and the nature of ethnic boundaries and interethnic relations in American society. Specific topics to be covered include: assimilation; bilingualism; stereotyping and discrimination; ethnic associations including the ethnic church; ethnic media; the ethnic family and household; ethnic politics; ethnic labor; and the revitalization of ethnic subcultures. The course will take a seminar format, supplemented by relevant audio-visual materials and some lectures. Class requirements include several short papers, some of which will be based on ethnographic fieldwork, and one exam. (Lockwood)

Women's Studies

170/American Culture 170/History 170/Women's Studies 210. Histories of "Witchcraft." First-year students only. (4). (Introductory Composition).
See American Culture 170.

172/Asian Studies 111/History 151. South Asian Civilization. (4). (HU).
This course is about cultural politics in South Asia. Politics is fundamental in all historical processes; the contention here is that South Asian culture is and has always been, constituted in relationship to the political stakes attached to a deployed in cultural formations, convictions, institutions, and disputes. In recent years, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka have all witnessed a series of culture wars, in which issues of belief, identity, and allegiance have become increasingly central to the conflict. We will use this beginning point to then review the history of "India," tracing genealogies (history backwards) and rethinking the politics of history itself; indeed, once we read these cultural debates it will be difficult to forget that our own engagement with the historical past is inevitably part of the ongoing politics of South Asian civilization in the contemporary global world. (Dirks)

173/Slavic 225. Arts and Cultures of Central Europe. (3). (HU).
See Slavic Surveys 225. (Toman, Eagle, Carpernter)

174/Russian 231. Russian Culture and Society: An Introduction. (3). (HU).
See Russian 231. (Ronen)

182/Hist. of Art 211/Women's Studies 211. Gender and Popular Culture. (3). (HU).
"Popular culture" is a complex social system and this course concentrates on its visual manifestations in various media. We will focus on women as signs or emblems, as producers, and as consumers, of "popular culture," with some attention also to the representation of masculinity and of race/ethnicity. Mainstream and marginal, appropriated and subverting, reflective and formative, the "popularity" of certain cultures often places them outside an academic framework, but this course seeks to alter that exclusion. After a brief historical and thematic introduction, we will focus on twentieth century American culture, examining such possible examples as romance in fiction or films like Gone With the Wind; the "buddy" system in Westerns and Thelma and Louise; women in music, including Madonna; advertising and shopping; prime-time television. Student participation will include the writing of a journal, reporting on two "pulp" novels or films, producing a longer essay, and regular discussion in classes. Students will keep a journal where they will gather any images which interest them and comment on these representations; write a 3-4 page report on two "pulp" novels, films or television episodes; produce a longer essay approximately 10 pp. late in the term. No prerequisites. (Simons)

183. Public Policy and Science. First and second year students only. (3). (SS).
This course aims to help students become better consumers of scientific research so that they will become better informed citizens and more effective makers and implementers of public policy in the future. The class will consider the general nature of science, public problems, and public policy, and their relationships. Questions will be raised about the reliability and validity of scientific findings, their relevance to public problems, and their implications for personal and societal values. Students will formulate public policy on specific problems of interest to them by consulting the literature and local experts. The class will hear and discuss presentations by the instructor, guests, and students. Evaluations of students' performance will be based on three short essays, take-home exams and a 15-20 page final project. (Gold)

210. Perspectives on Careers in Medicine and Health Care. (4). (Excl).
This course is for students considering a career in the health professions. It is designed to help them acquire perspectives to facilitate their decision-making process. Health care professionals visit the class and share their educational and professional experiences. Students become acquainted with the prerequisites for professional and graduate schools and spend time with dental, medical, osteopathic, nursing, and public health students. We consider problems facing the health professions in the 90s: problems of health care delivery, the high cost of medicine and its effect on the uninsured and underinsured. We discuss issues relating to malpractice and death and dying. Students are expected to respond in writing and in class to the visitors, to the reading materials, and to films. Two course packs serve as the required texts. All students are responsible for taking definite steps toward the development of their own goals through a self-inventory of their values, skills, and interests and through a term paper exploring a possible career direction. Evaluation is based on class attendance and participation in and completion of all assignments. The class meets Mon. 3-5, 432 West Engineering; Thurs. 7-9:30 p.m. at 2130 Dorset Rd., Ann Arbor. A map showing the location of 2130 Dorset Rd. will be available at 1017 Angell Hall. Cost: 2 WL:5 Enrollment by override only: contact Fran Zorn at 1017-H Angell Hall (763-2062) or call 662-0682 and leave a message. (Zorn)

250. Collegiate Seminars. Open to any student who has completed the introductory composition requirement. (4). (HU). May be repeated for credit.
Section 001. Hamlet in Its Contexts.
Hamlet is probably Shakespeare's most popular and familiar play. To get some idea of why this might be, we will start the course by looking carefully at the play itself, as a text and as a dramatic production. Then we will consider some of the contexts of the play, most obviously other plays by Shakespeare and his contemporaries ( and maybe more recent plays written with Hamlet in mind) but also discussions of relevant bits of history and psychoanalysis and various kinds of literary criticism. Throughout we will try to keep the dramatic nature of the play in mind as a reference for the utility of these contextual readings--what help would they be to a director or actor doing Hamlet? There will be a final exam, an in-term exam, and several short (about 3 pages) papers. (Lenaghan)

Section 005. Theory and Practice: Student, Knowledge, University The question this course will be asking is, "What are we all doing here, anyway?" This course wants to direct our attention to the idea and experience of liberal education itself. It wants to get beyond subject matters and methods to ask questions about underlying assumptions, basic premises, first principles--as to what it is to be a person and a student, the nature of knowledge, the idea and operative realities of the University. We will try to do this by reading and discussion of various writings: some works of fiction touching on these questions (John Updike, The Centaur; Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man; Dostoevski, Crime and Punishment; perhaps George Eliot, Middlemarch); some of the dialogues of Plato; the Michigan Daily; official notices posted here and there; and posters, inscriptions on blackboards, graffiti. The course works by discussion prompted by questions designed to uncover usually unexamined postulates, in which the fundamental issues of living and learning will be brought before us and, I hope, made as real, immediate, pressing as the myriad concerns of daily life usually are for us. The aim is at once highly ideal and eminently practical: to ask what is a University for? How do things actually work here? Why do they work that way? How might or should they work? What are we all doing here, anyway? The course requires committed, persistent attendance and participation; frequent, brief writings; one extended, meditative essay; one final examination of the readings. Arid speculation and most of the normal routines developed to fend off intellectual engagement will be eschewed. (McNamara)

252. Collegiate Seminars. Open to any student who has completed the introductory composition requirement. (4). (NS). May be repeated for credit.
Section 001: Mind, Brain, and Perception.
The course introduces freshmen and sophomores to the seven major issues in Biological Psychology and serves as the equivalent of Psychology 170. We deal with the following questions in seminar format:: 1) How has "smart" (intelligent) behavior evolved in animals (including humans)? 2) How does the brain work and what is its role in regulating behavior? 3) What part do theory and criticism play in the study of mind and of behavior? 4) How do we perceive and process information from our environment? 5) Is the mind a computer and is the computer a form of artificial intelligence? 6) How does our intelligence direct our perceptions and our behavior? 7) Can we predict and control behavior? This seminar is open only to those who are willing to play an active part in class discussion, write and revise three papers, and read five selected paperbacks. Final exam optional; grade based upon class participation and papers. (Stebbins)

Section 002. Ecological Constraints on Development. The course explores the relationship between a region's environmental setting and its prospects for economic development. Through readings and discussion, the errors of the past and perspectives for the future are explored, with an emphasis on development problems in the Third World and the special ecological forces operative there. Readings are drawn from environmental sciences, economics, political science, history, and the popular press. Note: Permission of instructor required. (Vandermeer)

280. Undergraduate Research-A (Grade). First or second year student in LS&A, and permission of instructor. (1-4). (Excl). (INDEPENDENT). A maximum of six credits of 280 and 281 may be counted toward graduation.
This course provides academic credit for students engaged in research through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP). To receive credit, the student must be working on a research project under the supervision of a University of Michigan faculty member. Students may elect the course for 1-4 hours of credit. For each hour of credit, it is expected that the student will work three hours. The grade for the course will be based on a final project report evaluated by the faculty sponsor and on participation in other required UROP sponsored activities, including monthly peer advising sessions, and submission of a journal chronicling the research experience. Students will receive a letter grade for this course. This course is open only to students enrolled in the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program. Note: Biweekly mandatory evening sessions will be required every other Tuesday or Wednesday. Contact the UROP office to sign up for these evening sessions or for further information (747-2768).

281. Undergraduate Research-B (Credit). First or second year student in LS&A, and permission of instructor. (1-4). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit. (INDEPENDENT). A maximum of six credits of 280 and 281 may be counted toward graduation.
This course provides academic credit for students engaged in research through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP). To receive credit, the student must be working on a research project under the supervision of a University of Michigan faculty member. Students may elect the course for 1-4 hours of credit. For each hour of credit, it is expected that the student will work three hours. The grade for the course will be based on a final project report evaluated by the faculty sponsor and on participation in other required UROP sponsored activities, including monthly peer advising sessions, and submission of a journal chronicling the research experience. This course is offered for credit / no credit only. This course is open only to students enrolled in the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program. Note: Biweekly mandatory evening sessions will be required every other Tuesday or Wednesday. Contact the UROP office to sign up for these evening sessions or for further information (747-2768).

Women's Studies (Division 497)

100. Women's Issues. Open to all undergraduates. (2). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit.
This course uses small group discussion and development of supportive group norms to enable students to explore selected topics in women's studies as they apply to their own lives and to contemporary social issues. The course work includes large and small group activities, theoretical presentations, regularly assigned readings, and written assignments. There is strong emphasis on developing analytic tools--taking a critical stance with respect to one's experience, to social issues, and to the assigned readings. Topics include: socialization, work, family, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, and current movements for change. Small groups meet in different campus locations, to be determined within each group. (Staff)

110. Practical Feminism. (1). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit.
This minicourse will focus on the practical implications of recent feminist scholarship. After a brief introduction to relevant theory and research, the course will concentrate on issues of gender asymmetry in a particular environment. Cost:1 WL:1

112. Issues for Women of Color. (1). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit.
This minicourse will examine the effects of various social, political, and/or cultural systems on women of color, focusing specifically on the intersections of gender and racial oppressions and on strategies for overcoming these oppressions. Cost:1 WL:1

210/American Culture 170/History 170/University Courses 170. Histories of "Witchcraft." First-year students only. (4). (Introductory Composition).
See American Culture 170.

211/University Courses 182/Hist. of Art 211. Gender and Popular Culture. (3). (HU).
See UC 182. (Simons)

231/CAAS 241. Women of Color and Feminism. (3). (Excl).
This course will provide exposure to the main feminist issues confronting women of color by comparing women of color communities and their feminisms. Cost:2 WL:1

270. Women and the Law. (3). (SS).
"Women and the Law" covers selected topics in American constitutional and statutory law which have a special effect on women. The class focuses on ideals of sex equality and how they are incorporated into the American legal system. Topics usually covered include constitutional equality, employment discrimination, family law, rape, domestic violence, sexual harassment, reproductive rights, pornography and women in poverty. Required: midterm examination, 10-12 pages of writing, final examination and class participation in discussion. Some understanding of the history of women of color in the United States is also strongly recommended. Cost:2 WL:1,4

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