01-02 LS&A Bulletin

Courses in Biology (Division 328)

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BIOLOGY 100. Biology for Nonscientists.: Some exposure to biology and chemistry at the high school level is assumed. Not open to those with Advanced Placement or "Departmental" credit in biology, nor to those concentrating in the biological sciences. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. I and II. (4). (NS). (BS).; An introduction to science through a study of biology. This course presents basic biological concepts, illustrates how biological knowledge is acquired and interpreted, and shows how such knowledge is relevant to personal, social, economic, environmental, and philosophical problems. Lectures, discussion, and demonstrations.
BIOLOGY 101. Biology and Human Affairs.: Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. I. (4). (NS). (BS).; An introduction to those aspects of biology that have direct applicability to the lives of people in today's world. The course is designed to complement Biology 100 for nonscience majors and emphasizes elementary aspects of the functioning of biological systems, especially as they relate to human life and human affairs. The direct relevance of each topic is the focus of the course. Detailed descriptions of classic experiments are avoided, emphasizing instead a pragmatic explanation of the essential features of each subject. The resulting intuitive understanding of each subject is then utilized to analyze how that knowledge is being applied and how it potentially may be applied. The course includes an analysis of the nature of the scientific method in biology both historically and as currently applied. Lecture and discussion. (A distribution level course for nonscience majors. Biology 101 can be elected as a single course or in combination with Biology 100 to form a sequence in natural science.)
BIOLOGY 102. Practical Botany.: Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. II. (4). (NS). (BS). Laboratory fee ($50) required.; The botanical principles and methods involved in the propagation, cultivation, and breeding of plants and their protection against disease. The laboratories are conducted in a specially designed facility at the Botanical Gardens where students raise their own plants. Bus service is provided. Lecture and laboratory.
BIOLOGY 103. Ecology: Principles and Applications.: Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. I. (4). (NS). (BS).; This course introduces students to basic principles of the science of ecology. These principles are motivated and illustrated by their application to modern environmental issues; however, the main emphasis is on the basic biology of ecological patterns and processes.
BIOLOGY 105. Biology of Human Nutrition.: Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. I. (4). (NS). (BS).; A course covering what human nutritional needs are, and where and how people have gotten food to meet them. The course gives students a biologically sound foundation on which to make judgements about personal and public health, related to food production and consumption.
BIOLOGY 108. Introduction to Animal Diversity.: Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. II. (4). (NS). (BS).; This course introduces students to the diversity of animal life. Topics include the diversity of major groups of animals and a synopsis of their evolutionary history, their ecological context, and important issues concerning conservation or biodiversity raised or exemplified by the group.
BIOLOGY 109. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem Solving.: Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. II. (3). (NS). (BS).; The main point is to gain an understanding of the types of scientific knowledge that are needed to solve environmental problems, and to develop an appreciation of problem-solving skills. This course uses a case study approach, and takes the perspective that science consists of the creation and testing of theory.
BIOLOGY 110 / UC 110 / GEOSCI 171 / NRE 110 / AOSS 171. Introduction to Global Change I.: Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. I. (4). (NS). (BS).; The University of Michigan offers an interdisciplinary three semester introductory course sequence which investigates the causes and potential impacts of these changes using a combination of traditional lecture-based and modern web-based teaching methodologies. This first semester course deals with issues relating to the physical, chemical and biological cycles contributing to Global Change. Students apply learned knowledge by using systems modeling software to investigate the dynamics of natural systems.
BIOLOGY 118. AIDS and Other Health Crises.: Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. II. (4). (NS). (BS).; A course focused on concepts of health and disease and their impact on society as well as the impact of social structures on health and disease. Topics include AIDS, Syphilis, Cholera, Tuberculosis, Influenza, and Plague. Discussions take multiple viewpoints, including science, medicine, law, and prejudice.
BIOLOGY 120. First Year Seminar in Biology.: Only first-year students, including those with sophomore standing, may pre-register for First-Year Seminars. All others need permission of instructor. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (3). (NS). (BS).; Small-group classes taught by regular and emeritus faculty.
BIOLOGY 124. Cells, Cancer, and Society.: Not open to biology concentrators. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 224. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. II. (3). (NS). (BS).; This course introduces non-science concentrators to the principles of cancer biology. The class first covers basic topics in cell biology that are needed before one can study cancer and then applies this information to the study of cancer biology and to social issues such as the regulation of environmental carcinogens.
BIOLOGY 130. Animal Behavior.: Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. II. (3). (NS). (BS).; Lectures and films on animal behavior and its adaptive significance. Intended mainly for nonspecialists. Emphasis is placed on the social behavior of birds and mammals in their natural environments.
BIOLOGY 140. Genetics and Society.: Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. I. (4). (NS). (BS).; This course is designed to provide students with a basic knowledge of genetics required to intelligently assess and understand the latest developments in genetics, as well as to appreciate some of the genetics. Topics covered: genetics; race and IQ; forensic applications of genetic fingerprinting; gene therapy; recombinant DNA technology and possible environmental concerns; human genome project.
BIOLOGY 162. Introductory Biology.: Prior or concurrent enrollment in Chemistry 130. Biology 162 is not open to students who have completed Biol. 152, 154 or 195. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. I, II, IIIa. (5). (NS). (BS). Laboratory fee ($68) required.; A one-term introductory course intended for concentrators in biology, other science programs, or preprofessional studies. Other suitably prepared students wishing detailed coverage of biology are also welcome. The aims of Biology 162 are:

to provide factual and conceptual knowledge;
to give an integrated overview of the central tenets of modern biology;
to afford experience in obtaining and interpreting biological hypotheses; and
to develop thinking and writing skills.

Topics in Biology 162 are divided among four areas:

cellular and molecular biology;
genetics;
evolution; and
ecology.
BIOLOGY 163. Honors Introductory Biology.: Prior or concurrent enrollment in Chem. 130. (5). (NS). (BS).; Covers fundamental topics in biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and transmission genetics. Problem-solving collaborative approach rather than lecture format.
BIOLOGY 200. Undergraduate Tutorial.: Permission of faculty member in biology. (2). (Excl). (BS). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of six credits.; This course is intended for sophomores learning research and laboratory techniques, working under close supervision of a faculty member. It may also be used for directed readings at an appropriate level. It includes reading on a significant topic and regular consultation with the faculty member chosen to supervise the work. The required paper could be on the scientific literature in a broad field, on biological issues on which the student may want to do continuing work, or on the detailed results of research in a biological specialty. Conferences, seminars, readings, and assigned writings are used to develop critical perspectives on modern biological problems and to provide breadth and sense of historical continuity in biological thought.
BIOLOGY 201. Introduction to Research in the Life Sciences.: Grade of B+ or better in Biology 162. I and II. (1). (Excl).; Weekly presentations led by biology or other life science faculty, providing an opportunity to learn about work being conducted by potential faculty mentors for undergraduate honors research projects.
BIOLOGY 202. Topics in Biology.: Biology 162. (3). (Excl). (BS). May be repeated for a total of six credits.; Designed to acquaint students with a specialized area of biology that is not a usual part of the Biology department curriculum.
BIOLOGY 207. Introductory Microbiology.: Biol. 162. I. (4). (NS). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; Lectures trace the history of microbiology, microbial growth and metabolism, microbial diversity, and the importance of microbes in the environment, industry, and medicine. Laboratory sessions introduce microscopy, aseptic technique, staining, and the isolation, culture and identification of microbes from the local environment.
BIOLOGY 208. Embryology.: Biology 162. I. (3). (NS). (BS).; This embryology course studies the entire organism as a function of time. Participants in the course seek to understand how a single cell, the fertilized egg, develops through time to form a multicellular organism. The course focuses on human development, but animal models are used to understand embryological processes experimentally.
BIOLOGY 215. Spring Flora of Michigan.: Biol. 162, or 102. IIIa. (3 in the half-term). (NS). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($65) required.; Field-oriented course in which students learn to identify native and introduced plants using field guides and taxonomic keys. Lectures cover plant form, plant families, ethnobotany, and basic plant terminology. Lab/field trips allow hands-on practice in identifying flowering plant families and selected non-flowering groups.
BIOLOGY 222. From Message to Mind: An Introduction to Neurobiology.: Biol. 162. I and II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; An introduction to molecular, cellular, and systems-level neurobiology. Students learn the fundamentals of bioelectricity and its origins, intercellular communication, and the structural interrelations between cells that produce the nervous system. Simple behaviors, and their neural basis, are also treated.
BIOLOGY 225(325). Principles of Animal Physiology: Lecture.: Biol. 162 and a year of chemistry. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; Lectures concerned with mechanisms by which animals function. Emphasis on physiology of the whole animal, including consideration of functional systems, etc., digestion, circulation, etc.
BIOLOGY 226(326). Animal Physiology Laboratory.: Concurrent enrollment in Biol. 225 (or prior enrollment in 325, with permission). Students who intend at a later date to take Biol. 225 will not be admitted to Biol. 226 without special permission. I, II. (2). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; These laboratory exercises deal (usually concurrently) with topics covered in the lecture. The laboratory meets for one four-hour session a week. Students working in small groups present material for each exercise, collate class data and perform analyses. A full-length lab report and oral presentation are required.
BIOLOGY 230. Introduction to Plant Biology.: Biol. 162. I. (4). (NS). (BS). Laboratory fee ($65) required.; This course presents a broad, integrated overview of plant biology including economic and environmental aspects. The main themes are: (1) plant diversity - the basic biology and evolution of the bacteria, fungi, algae, bryophytes and vascular plants; (2) structure, function and development from the cell-molecular level to the whole organism; (3) ecology and biogeography.
BIOLOGY 252. Chordate Anatomy and Phylogeny.: Biol. 162. I. (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($60) required.; Lectures and laboratory on the use of pattern analysis in deducing phylogenetic relationships among chordates. The lecture emphasizes the general theory of pattern analysis and an overview of the relationships among the major groups of chordates based on their anatomy. The laboratory is concerned with original observation through dissection of several representative chordates. These observations are used to test current hypotheses of relationship.
BIOLOGY 255. Plant Diversity.: II. (5). (NS). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($60) required.; This course includes lectures and laboratories covering a group-by-group treatment of plant diversity, ranging from algae, fungi, and bryophytes through primitive vascular plants and culminating in flowering plants. The approach is an evolutionary perspective, treating plants as organisms and emphasizing the innovations and structural adaptations of the various plant groups as well as life history strategies.
BIOLOGY 281. General Ecology.: Biol. 162 and a laboratory course in chemistry. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 381. (3). (NS). (BS).; The course introduces the basic concepts and principles of ecology as applied to the study of individuals, populations, and communities of both plants and animals.
BIOLOGY 282. General Ecology Laboratory.: Biol. 162, a laboratory course in chemistry, and concurrent or prior enrollment in Biol. 281. (3). (Excl). (BS). Laboratory fee ($70) required.; This laboratory course introduces the basic concepts and methods used in ecological research. The laboratories consist of both field and laboratory research projects, field trips, computer simulations, and an independent research project that is designed by each student.
BIOLOGY 288. Animal Diversity.: Biol. 162. (4). (NS). (BS). Laboratory fee ($70) required.; Biology 288 provides biology concentrators with a survey of the animal phyla in the context of discussions of major issues in ecology and evolution. Students see the diversity of behavior, mating systems, life history, and diverse interactions.
BIOLOGY 300. Undergraduate Research.: Eight credits of biology and 3.0 grade point average in science; permission of faculty member in biology. I, II, III, IIIa and IIIb in Ann Arbor; IIIb at Biological Station. (1-3). (Excl). (BS). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of 9 credits.; Intended primarily for juniors, including honors students, who wish to pursue independent research or study at an intermediate level in an area of biological science. The student may ask an appropriate faculty member in the Department of Biology to direct the research project and supervise related readings. The project may take the form of an investigation of new problems in the field or laboratory, a detailed investigation of primary sources (a literature survey), development of new procedures or programs, design of a classroom experiment, etc. A final paper is required and must be approved by the research advisor.
BIOLOGY 301. Writing for Biologists.: Biol. 162, and completion of the introductory composition requirement. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; Lectures on such topics as scientific thinking; the experimental approach to framing and answering questions; kinds of scientific writing; resources available to biologists; review of style, with emphasis on problems that recur in the writing of biologists; how to write review papers and reports of experimental results; the process of publication, including review and editing. Short assignments executed in workshops, longer assignments discussed in tutorials, revisions in response to criticism.
BIOLOGY 302. Teaching Experience for Undergraduates.: Permission of instructor. I, II, IIIa, and IIIb. (1-3). (Excl). May not be included in any of the Biological Sciences concentration programs. (EXPERIENTIAL).; Undergraduates participating in this course are responsible for (1) aiding regularly assigned Teaching Assistants; (2) providing tutorial help for undergraduates enrolled in the course; (3) meeting regularly with discussion and laboratory sessions; and (4) participating with Teaching Assistants in instructional activities.
BIOLOGY 305. Genetics.: Biol. 162, and prior or concurrent enrollment in Chem. 210. I, II, and IIIa. (4). (Excl). (BS).; An introduction to genetics includes the following sections: DNA and chromosomes; gene transmission in Eukaryotes; linkage and recombination; genes and enzymes, the genetic code, and mutation; recombinant DNA, RFLP mapping, the Human Genome Project; gene regulation, transposons; population genetics; and quantitative genetics.
BIOLOGY 306. Introductory Genetics Laboratory.: Prior or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 305. I, II. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; Laboratory exercises designed to complement material covered in Biol. 305 (Genetics). Experiments with Drosophila, fungi, bacteria and bacteriophage provide experience with basic genetic techniques and illustrate fundamental principles of classical and microbial genetics.
BIOLOGY 307. Developmental Biology.: Biol. 305. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; An introduction to the principles of developmental biology, based on new discoveries in molecular and cellular biology and their relationship to classical observations on developing systems. Various aspects of both vertebrate and invertebrate development, with emphasis on the integration of cellular and morphological observation with underlying molecular mechanisms.
BIOLOGY 308. Developmental Biology Laboratory.: Prior or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 307. II. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($45) required.; An opportunity to observe the development of a number of live vertebrate and invertebrate embryos. In addition to observation of normal embryogenesis, students perform several experiments dealing with developmental regulatory mechanisms. Topics include meiosis, fertilization, cytoplasmic determinants, sex determination, enzyme synthesis, metamorphosis, and regeneration. Students are expected to spend about three hours in the laboratory each week at odd hours in addition to the scheduled sessions.
BIOLOGY 310. Introductory Biochemistry.: Biol. 162 or a 200-level course in Biology taken at UM; and Chem. 210. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 311, Biol. Chem. 415, or Chemistry 451. (4). (Excl). (BS).; A general introduction to biochemistry designed to furnish basic information related to the chemical organization and interactions within cells.
BIOLOGY 311. Introductory Biochemistry.: Biol. 162 or a 200-level course in Biology taken at UM; and Chem. 210. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 310, Biol. Chem. 415, or Chem 451. I, II, and IIIa. (4). (Excl). (BS).; A general introduction to biochemistry designed to furnish basic information related to the chemical organization and interactions within cells. Topics covered include amino acid structure, protein structure and function, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, intermediary metabolism, and an introduction to the molecular biology of proteins and nucleic acids. This course is taught by the Keller Plan, a self-paced, individualized system of instruction.
BIOLOGY 321(209). Introductory Plant Physiology Lectures.: Biol. 162; college physics recommended. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; The course introduces the basic concepts and mechanisms that underlie plant functions: (1) plant cell physiology; (2) cellular and internal transport; and (3) plant growth and development.
BIOLOGY 322(210). Plant Physiology Laboratory.: Prior or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 321. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($65) required.; Laboratory exercises cover (1) plant cell physiology, (2) cellular and internal transport, and (3) plant growth and development. Students experience representative experiments in each of the three parts and learn a variety of experimental approaches used in modern plant physiology.
BIOLOGY 324(224). Biology of Cancer.: Biol. 162. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 124. I. (3). (NS). (BS).; This course provides a basic understanding of the biological events associated with the development of cancer. It is organized three fundamental questions: what is cancer, what are the causes of cancer, and can cancer be cured or prevented.
BIOLOGY 330. Biology of Birds.: Two collegiate courses in biology. IIIb at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; An introduction to ornithology with emphasis on field identification of the birds of northern Michigan. Field trips are taken to a variety of habitats in the region. Labs include classification, morphology, and identification of study specimens. Lectures cover a variety of topics on the evolution, physiology, behavior, and ecology of birds. Each student designs and conducts an original field investigation.
BIOLOGY 341. Parasitology.: Biol. 162. I. (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($30) required.; An introduction to the study of parasitism, with special reference to the evolution of the parasitic habit. Lecture and laboratory.
BIOLOGY 355 / NRE 337. Woody Plants I: Biology and Identification.: Biol. 162. I. (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($45) required.; The identification of trees, shrubs, and vines is the basis for the study of their biology and ecology. Woody plants are studied in their natural habitats and communities. Non-native species and ornamental plants are taught in Nichols Arboretum, Main Campus, and Saginaw Forest. An introduction to the biology and ecology of woody plants is given in lectures. Topics include vegetative and reproductive morphology, fruit types, life history, forest ecology, variation, systematics, conifers, and winter identification. Also discussed are important trees of southern and western U.S., of Europe and the Tropics.
BIOLOGY 375(275). Introduction to Plant Development.: Biol. 162. II. (4). (NS). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; This course presents an integrated structural and functional approach to plant development. Topics studied include cell biology, molecular biology, and cellular mechanisms of plant growth, organogenesis and differentiation with emphasis on controls, particularly hormonal and environmental. The course provides a basis for understanding the natural history and some practical aspects of plant life including the anticipated advances in plant biotechnology.
BIOLOGY 380. Oceanography: Marine Ecology.: Biol. 162, and at least one term of college chemistry or physics. I. (3). (Excl). (BS).; Marine ecology is the branch of biological oceanography that applies ecological principles to the study of marine life. Lectures cover the interrelationships of marine organisms and their environment. Organisms and communities from the following habitats are discussed: estuaries, the rocky intertidal zone, coral reefs, the coastal zone, the deep-sea and the open ocean. The course treats the ecology of marine organisms as different as bacteria and whales.
BIOLOGY 381. General Ecology.: Biol. 162; and a laboratory course in chemistry. IIIa and IIIb at Biol. Station. (6 in Ann Arbor; 5 at Biol. Station). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($50) required.; Fundamental concepts and principles of ecology of both plants and animals applied to the study of individual organisms, populations, and communities. Field and laboratory work emphasizes the collection and analysis of basic data. A formal introduction to the discipline of ecology and suitable as a prerequisite for intermediate and advanced courses in the subject. Lectures, discussion, and laboratory.
BIOLOGY 390. Evolution.: Biol. 162; prior or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 305. I in Ann Arbor; IIIa at Biol. Station. (4 in Ann Arbor; 5 at Biol. Station). (Excl). (BS).; Covers the fundamentals of evolutionary biology from a neontological perspective. It includes a historical survey of the development of evolutionary theory from ancient philosophers to the present, and critical examination of the principles of phylogenetic systematics, natural selection, population genetics, microevolution, biogeography, and macroevolution. Discussions focus on primary literature and demonstrations. If taken at the Biological Station, extensive field work is included.
BIOLOGY 400. Advanced Research.: 12 credits of biology, 3.0 average in science, and permission of faculty member in biology. Also offered at the Biological Station during IIIb. (1-3). (Excl). (BS). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of 9 credits.; Intended for those engaged in original research at an advanced level. This course number is most frequently elected by senior honors students who have completed Biology 300 and who are completing their research and writing their thesis. A final paper is required. (Refer to the description of Biology 300 for more information.)
BIOLOGY 401. Advanced Topics in Biology.: Intended for senior concentrators. The prerequisites will be set by the instructor as appropriate for each section. (3). (Excl). (BS). May be repeated for a total of six credits.; This course is designed to acquaint students with a specialized area of Biology that is not a usual part of the Biology Department curriculum. Topics vary from term to term and are listed in the Time Schedule.
BIOLOGY 405. Molecular Basis of Development.: Biol. 162 and 305. A course in molecular and developmental biology is helpful but not required. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; Addresses the basic question of how asymmetry and diversity is generated during development of an organism. The emphasis is on molecular-genetic aspects of developmental patterns.
BIOLOGY 406. Molecular Genetics of Plant Development.: Biochemistry (Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415), and Genetics (Biol. 305). I. (3). (Excl). (BS).; Focuses on the molecular basis of development in plants. Discusses the genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling embryogenesis, pattern formation, meristem activity, organ formation, cell differentiation, and responses to the environment.
BIOLOGY 407. Advanced Genetic Principles.: Biol. 305 and Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. I. (3). (Excl). (BS).; The advent of molecular biology and genomic resources has revolutionized the genetic and molecular genetic tools available to researchers. This course focuses on modern approaches used in genetic and molecular genetic studies in animals, plants, and microbes. Topics include advanced Mendelian genetics, complex genetic pathways, reverse genetics, and molecular genetics.
BIOLOGY 411. Protein Structure and Function.: Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. I. (3). (Excl). (BS).; This course is a practical hands-on approach to extract information about a protein sequence by using protein sequence analysis tools available on the web. Students also identify 3D protein structural motifs, discuss how they are related to the proteins� functions and discuss how proteins fold.
BIOLOGY 412. Teaching Biochemistry by the Keller Plan.: Biol. 311 and permission of instructor. I, II, and IIIa. (3). (Excl). This is a graded course. May not be included in any of the Biological Sciences concentration programs. (EXPERIENTIAL).; This course is open only to students who concurrently hold proctorships in Biology 311. Each proctor participates as a tutor with individual students in Biology 311 for several hours each week and attends one weekly meeting with the instructor.
BIOLOGY 413. Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory.: Biol. 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415; and Biol. 305. II. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; The laboratory exercises in this course include: handling of plasmid DNA, designed to introduce students to DNA isolation, restriction enzymes, and ligation; isolation of plant DNA and RNA; localization of plant genes by Southern blot hybridization; expression of a plant protein in a bacteria; and isolation and analysis of plant secondary metabolites.
BIOLOGY 415. Plant Constituents and Their Functions.: Biol. 162 and one term of organic chemistry. I. (Offered in alternate years). (3). (Excl). (BS).; Lectures surveying the major secondary compounds in plants, their functions in plants, and their effects on animals. The compounds, which are grouped primarily according to a functional rather than structural basis, include: pigments, fragrances, hormones, allelopathic agents, toxins (including mycotoxins and carcinogens), medical compounds, hallucinogens, plant defenses against pathogens, and others. They are considered in terms of their value to plants, their mode of action, and their evolution or potential use as phyletic markers.
BIOLOGY 418. Endocrinology.: Biol. 162, 225, and organic chemistry. I. (3). (Excl). (BS).; A comparative study of animal endocrine functions, especially the evolution of endocrine controls, cellular origin of hormones, their physiological actions in organisms, and the biochemical mechanisms of hormone action. Although the emphasis is on the endocrine system of vertebrates, the endocrine systems of invertebrates are also discussed.
BIOLOGY 419. Endocrinology Laboratory.: Prior or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 418. II. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; A laboratory course emphasizing identification, assay, and mechanisms of action of vertebrate hormones.
BIOLOGY 422 / CMBIOL 422. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology.: Biol. 162, one year of physics, prior or concurrent enrollment in biochemistry. I. (3). (Excl). (BS).; This course deals primarily with the properties of individual nerve cells and small groups of nerve cells. This provides the basis for understanding the processing of information by the nervous system, the mechanisms underlying learning and memory, and the biological basis of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Topics covered include the cell biology of neurons and glia, the generation of electrical potentials, the transmission of information between cells, and the cellular basis of simple forms of learning. Considerable emphasis is placed on understanding the molecules that endow the nervous system with these properties. In combination with Biology 425 this course represents a comprehensive introduction to neuroscience.
BIOLOGY 423. Introduction to Research in Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology.: Concurrent enrollment in Biol. 422; or completion of Biol. 222 or 422, and permission of instructor. I. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; This course provides an introduction to state-of-the-art research approaches in cellular and molecular neurobiology. The course is divided into three modules: electrophysiological methods, anatomical methods, and molecular biological methods.
BIOLOGY 425 / ANAT 425. Systems Neurobiology.: Biol. 222, 225, or 422. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; This course deals primarily with the properties of assemblies of neurons. Particular emphasis is placed on the processing of information by sensory systems, on the production of controlled behavior by motor systems and on the way that neuronal circuits are assembled during development. Examples are drawn from a wide variety of types of animals.
BIOLOGY 426. Molecular Endocrinology.: Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415; and Biol. 225 or 418. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; Introduces students to the latest advances in our understanding of how hormones work at the molecular and cellular level in vertebrate systems, including humans. Topics covered include: gene structure, expression, regulation, and cellular actions of various hormones.
BIOLOGY 427. Molecular Biology.: Biol. 305; and Biol. 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. I, II. (4). (Excl). (BS).; Lectures and discussions are concerned with the following topics: the physical methods used in molecular biology; structure and coding capacity of DNA chromosomes; DNA replication; transcription, protein synthesis; prokaryotic and eukaryotic regulation; molecular aspects of development; transposable elements and genetic engineering.
BIOLOGY 428. Cell Biology.: Biol. 305; and Biol. 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. Students with credit for Biol. 320 must obtain permission of instructor. I, II. (4). (Excl). (BS).; The following topics are included: methods for handling relevant organisms; general properties of membranes; secretion, endocytosis, and related processes; functions and biogenesis of cell walls, of mitochondria, or chloroplasts; cellular organization of energy metabolism in prokaryotes; cytoskeleton and cell motility; structural organization and functional consequences of nuclei and nucleoids; cell cycle and its regulation; cellular aspects of differentiation and development; functions of specialized cell types.
BIOLOGY 429. Laboratory in Cell and Molecular Biology.: Biol. 427 or 428, or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 428. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. Chem. 416 or 516. II. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; Laboratory work designed to illustrate selected aspects of subcellular physiology and to provide experience with contemporary tools and techniques.
BIOLOGY 430. Molecular Biology of Plants.: Biol. 305; and 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; The basic aspects of molecular genetic/biochemistry as they pertain to plants. Genome and gene structure and expression, processes of protein synthesis and localization, and the interaction of these macromolecules within and between cells.
BIOLOGY 431. Ecology of Animal Parasites.: Two laboratory courses in biology. IIIb at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; Various aspects of natural animal parasite populations are studied including: species diversity, diel and seasonal periodicity, intra- and inter-specific competition, habitat, selection, longevity, recruitment, and energy requirements. Field and laboratory techniques for studying these host-parasite relationships are emphasized. In addition, each student is involved in a group field project.
BIOLOGY 433 / NRE 433. Ornithology.: Biol. 162. I. (4). (Excl). (BS). Laboratory fee ($75) required.; Introduction to the biology of birds. Lectures on behavior, migration, breeding biology, population ecology, and relationships. Laboratory and field work on identification of local birds and their behavior and ecology.
BIOLOGY 435. Intracellular Trafficking.: Biol. 305, Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415, and Biol. 428. I. (3). (Excl). (BS).; Topics covered include molecular basis of secretion, vesicle transport, protein targeting, molecular motors, and organelle biogenesis. Students are presented lectures introducing them to current issues, and then read the latest experimental papers anticipated to have a large impact in the field. The course includes critical discussions of the experiments, interpretations, and conclusions of primary research papers.
BIOLOGY 436. Introductory Immunology.: Biol. 305 and biochemistry (Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415). I. (3). (Excl). (BS).; Detailed study of the organs, cells, and molecules that constitute the human immune system; cellular interactions involved in initiating and mediating an immune response; role of the immune system in organ transplants, cancer therapy, and immunodeficiency diseases; use of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies as precise probes in all fields of modern biological and biomedical research.
BIOLOGY 440 / NRE 422. Biology of Fishes.: Biol. 162 and one additional biology course. I. (3). (Excl). (BS).; An introduction to the science of ichthyology including selected aspects of the anatomy, physiology, natural history, ecology, classification, and evolution of fishes and the dynamic relations of fishes to humans. Also involving field study, collection and identification of local forms.
BIOLOGY 441 / NRE 423. The Biology of Fishes Laboratory.: Biol. 162 and one additional biology course. (1). (Excl). (BS).; Laboratory providing an introduction to the field methods used in fish biology and fisheries, and examining the diversity of the Michigan ichthyofauna and major groups of world fishes.
BIOLOGY 444. Fish Behavior.: Biol. 440. II. (4). (Excl). (BS). Laboratory fee ($40) required.; Lectures and laboratory exercises in the principles and current knowledge of fish behavior, including such topics as neuroanatomy, sensory systems, behavioral diversity, genetics of behavior, feeding, predator avoidance, locomotion, fright reaction, schooling, communication, migration, mating systems, courtship, mate choice, parental care, learning, and evolution of complex behaviors.
BIOLOGY 445 / GEOSCI 445. Biogeography.: Biol. 162. Historical Geology is recommended. (3). (Excl). (BS).; The goal of this course is to provide students with an understanding of how evolution proceeds through time in relation to geography. The course explores the limitation of distributions of organisms by barriers, including climate, effects on species formation and extinction, species abundance and richness, dispersal, and vicariance.
BIOLOGY 450. Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles.: Biol. 162. II. (5). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; Lectures on the evolution, behavior, ecology, and life history of amphibians and reptiles. Laboratory exercises and field trips emphasize identification, life history, adaptations, and field methods.
BIOLOGY 451 / NRE 451. Biology of Mammals.: Biol. 162. I. (Offered in alternate years). (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($75) required.; Evolution, distribution, ecology, behavior, anatomy, and classification of mammals, with emphasis on North American species. Lecture, laboratory, and seminar.
BIOLOGY 453. Field Mammalogy.: Two laboratory courses in biology. IIIb at the Biological Station. (Offered in alternate years). (5 in the half-term). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; An introduction to the study of mammals. Areas to be discussed include the ecology, evolution, and systematics of mammals, with emphasis on providing actual field experience with research in these areas, using mammalian examples. Emphasis in field work is placed on the mammal species of the Great Lakes region, but field exercises illustrate general problems in mammalogy. Opportunities for individual research are provided.
BIOLOGY 455. Ethnobotany.: Two college-level courses in biology. III at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). (Excl). (BS).; Ethnobotany is a course that integrates the principles of plant biology and anthropology. It examines how people manipulate and transform plants for cultural ends and how they think about plants.
BIOLOGY 457. Algae in Freshwater Ecosystems.: Two laboratory courses in botany. IIIb at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; Identification, classification, distribution, life histories, economic importance, and limnological relations of algae of the region. Comparative study of freshwater phytoplankton communities; factors affecting distribution and abundance, population structures and responses to environmental change.
BIOLOGY 458. Biology of the Algae.: Biol. 162, or Biol. 255. I. (Offered in alternate years). (5). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($40) required.; The lectures deal with the evolution, ecology, reproductive biology, and identification of the algae and their relation to ecosystems and human activities. The laboratory introduces representative material of the major taxa of the algae and includes culture techniques and field trips.
BIOLOGY 459. Systematic Botany.: Biol. 162, or Biol. 255. I. (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($30) required.; Principles of systematic botany, including training in the major groups of vascular plants in terms of their morphology, anatomy, cytology, ecology, and reproductive biology, as well as problems in numerical taxonomy, biosystematics, and botanical nomenclature. Laboratory includes plant specimens and visual aids.
BIOLOGY 461. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants.: Biol. 162 or 255. I (Offered in alternate years). (5). (Excl). (BS). Laboratory fee ($70) required.; Comparative morphology of vascular plants (pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms), emphasizing evolutionary, developmental, and adaptive interpretation of structures, life cycles, and trends. Lecture and laboratory.
BIOLOGY 463. Neotropical Plant Families.: Biol. 215 or Biol. 459. (3). (Excl). (BS).; The course introduces students to generic-level organization of 25 neo-tropical plant families. Families covered are 1) ecologically widespread and abundant in the neo-tropics or 2) of taxonomic or economic significance. Meetings include lectures on comparative morphology, anatomy, and ecological /economic significance of families and their included genera, and a laboratory during which students examine dried specimens. A field trip to Fairchild Botanical Garden in Florida is included.
BIOLOGY 468. Mushrooms and Molds: Biology and Use.: Biol. 162. II. (Offered in alternate years). (5). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($50) required.; Surveys the members of the Kingdom Fungi, provides an introduction to their ecology, physiology, genetics, and importance to man in biotechnology, medicinal mycology, and plant pathology through lectures, laboratories, and field trips.
BIOLOGY 469. Signal Transduction.: Biology 427 or 428. (3). (Excl). (BS).; This course covers selected topics in animal signal transduction, focusing on critical reading and presentation of primary research papers. It also emphasizes the importance of combining genetic and biochemical approaches to gain a better understanding of cellular processes.
BIOLOGY 472. Plant-Animal Interactions.: Biology 281. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; This course examines the ecology and evolution of the interactions between plants and animals and fungi including herbivory, pollination, dispersal and resource mutualisms. General theory, hypothesis testing, and current approaches are emphasized.
BIOLOGY 473. Aquatic Ecology Project Lab.: A course in ecology. No credit is granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biology 484. (3). (Excl). (BS). Laboratory fee ($70) required.; This is a lab-based course focusing on exercises in aquatic biology and ecology. Emphasis is placed on project-oriented labs using modern research techniques. Students receive exposure and training in basic lab techniques, and in the latter portion of the course, students design and conduct a research project in aquatic ecology.
BIOLOGY 474. Wetlands Ecology.: Two college-level courses in Biology, preferably one in Ecology. III at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). (Excl). (BS).; This course emphasizes the role of wetlands as a component of ecosystems, landscapes and global biogeochemical cycles. The science and management of wetland ecosystems provides a framework to discuss the importance of wetlands as a sustainable resource for water quantity and quality, wildlife habitat and preservation of natural areas.
BIOLOGY 475. Conservation Biology and Ecosystem Management.: Two courses in the biological sciences including ecology. III at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). (Excl). (BS).; This course draws on biological principles from ecology and genetics relevant to species conservation and ecosystem management. Topics covered include: assessment of biodiversity loss, viability of small populations, community-wide consequences of introductions and extinctions, application of island theory to preserve design, ecosystem and landscape approaches to conservation. Students spend the bulk of their time working in groups on field and computer-based projects.
BIOLOGY 476 / NRE 476. Ecosystem Ecology.: An ecology course in the department of Biology, or an ecology course approved by the instructor; and permission of instructor. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; Current theories about the control and function of ecosystems, the approaches and techniques being used to test these theories, and the application of theory to the management and restoration of ecosystems.
BIOLOGY 477. Laboratory in Field Ecology.: A course in ecology. I. (5). (Excl). (BS). Laboratory fee ($30) required.; This is a filed course, emphasizing observation and hypothesis formation in ecology. Students work in small groups on specific topics, which changes from week to week.
BIOLOGY 478. Advanced Ecology.: A general ecology course (Biol. 381 or equivalent). II. (3). (Excl). (BS). May be repeated for a total of six credits.; Focuses on current topics in ecology placed in a historical perspective. The philosophy of science, hypothesis testing, experimental design, critical thinking, and the development of professional research skills are emphasized.
BIOLOGY 479. The Dynamics of Neotropical Rainforests.: A course in ecology, fluency in Spanish, and permission of instructor. II in Nicaragua. (2). (Excl). (BS). May be repeated for a total of four credits.; This course is held in conjunction with an ongoing study of succession of tropical rainforest in the area damaged by Hurricane Joan in 1988. The intent is to have an intensive field experience with activities planned from 6 AM to 9 PM daily. The course meets for one week for a total of 105 hours.
BIOLOGY 480. Computer-Aided Inferences in Evolution and Ecology.: Senior natural science concentrator or graduate student. I. (4). (Excl). (BS).; A course for prospective professional researchers in natural science who want to learn the concepts, techniques, and language skills to formulate hypotheses so that computers (rather than mathematics) can derive predictions with which to compare data. Such hypotheses are less constrained by mathematical needs and so can better meet the needs of natural science.
BIOLOGY 481. Population Dynamics and Ecology.: A course in ecology. Calculus is strongly recommended. I. (4). (Excl). (BS).; Lectures and discussion on the principles of population ecology, with emphasis on theory and empirical research on the dynamics and regulation of managed and natural populations and the development of skills for modeling populations.
BIOLOGY 482. Limnology.: Three laboratory courses in botany or zoology. IIIb at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; A comparative study of physical, chemical, and biological properties of a variety of local lakes. Students are introduced to a broad range of field and laboratory techniques. Lectures emphasize aquatic ecology and water quality assessment. The study of a local problem in aquatic resource management is emphasized toward the end of the course.
BIOLOGY 483. Limnology: Freshwater Ecology.: Advanced undergraduate or graduate standing, with background in physics, chemistry, biology, or water-related sciences. II. (3). (Excl). (BS). (QR/1).; Lectures on the interrelationships of organisms and the environment in fresh waters, with special attention to recent developments in the field.
BIOLOGY 484. Limnology Laboratory.: Concurrent enrollment in Biol. 483. II. (3). (Excl). (BS). (QR/1). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; Discussion, laboratory, and field work dealing with interpretation of the interaction of environmental factors in natural waters. Emphasis on comparative aspects of local habitats.
BIOLOGY 485 / GEOSCI 450 / NRE 450 / NAVARCH 450. Aquatic Science Field Studies.: Junior science or engineering concentrators. Those with credit for GS 223 may only elect Biol. 485 for 5 credits. IIIa in Grand Haven, Michigan. (6 in the half-term). (Excl). (BS).; Taught near Lake Michigan. Basic concepts of physical, chemical, biological, and geological sciences as they apply to the aquatic environment are covered in lectures. Students participate in a field program and carry out an independent research project. There will be collections of many different types of organisms with various gear, measurement of temperature and nutrients in the water, monitoring of the waves and currents, and sojourns into adjacent streams and rivers to collect organisms and observe relationships with their environment.
BIOLOGY 486. Biology and Ecology of Fish.: Two laboratory courses in biology. IIIb at the Biological Station. (Offered in alternate years). (5 in the half-term). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; Lectures provide background in fish ecology, distribution and evolution, and in the geological history of North American freshwater habitats. Laboratory and field exercises, designed to investigate the physiological, behavioral, and numerical responses of fish to biotic and abiotic factors. Group exercises stress methods for studying community interactions, population ecology and limiting factors, and students are expected to design and carry out independent studies applying methods learned in class to specific problems in fish ecology.
BIOLOGY 487 / NRE 409. Ecology of Fishes.: One course in ecology. II. (Lectures: 3 credits; lectures and lab: 4 credits). (Excl). (BS).; Physiological, behavioral, and numerical responses of fish to biotic and abiotic factors. The relationships between fish and the physical, chemical, and biological parameters of the major habitat types is emphasized, especially in regards to the adaptations of fish for survival under these different constraints.
BIOLOGY 488. Microbial Ecology of Terrestrial Ecosystems.: Biol. 162. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; This course surveys the major groups of soil organisms found in terrestrial ecosystems in Michigan. The primary focus is to gain an understanding of how these organisms grow, reproduce and interact in soil processes ultimately controlling plant growth, e.g., nitrogen fixation, mycorrhizal symbioses, pathogenic symbioses, etc.
BIOLOGY 489 / NRE 430. Soil Properties and Processes.: Biol. 162 and chemistry. I. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($25) required.; Soils as central components of terrestrial ecosystems. Major emphasis on physical and chemical soil properties and their relationships to soil-resource problems: soil-plant relations, site productivity, soil mapping and classification, forest and crop management, soil erosion, pollution effects, and biogeochemical cycling. Quantitative analysis and interpretation of soil data are stressed in lecture and laboratory. Forested soils are a major focus, although soils of other ecosystems are also examined.
BIOLOGY 491. Principles of Phylogenetic Systematics.: Biol. 162. II. (Offered in alternate years). (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; Systematics is the science of classifying organic diversity. This course focuses on a single, coherent theory of classification � phylogenetic systematics, which involves the discovery of the species genealogy and the formulation of a corresponding taxonomy.
BIOLOGY 492. Behavioral Ecology.: Biol. 162, and one additional course in zoology. I in Ann Arbor; IIIb at the Biological Station. (4 in Ann Arbor; 5 in the half-term; 5 at Biol. Station, which also includes Biol. 493). (Excl). (BS).; An introduction to animal behavior. The comparative method as well as various experimental approaches to the study of behavior of animals are presented. Emphasis on the integration of the various factors influencing behavior.
BIOLOGY 496 / NRE 425. Population Ecology.: General ecology and NR&E 438; calculus recommended. II. (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; Principles of population and community ecology are examined from an analytical and theoretical perspective for application to management problems. Where most past management problems for communities and populations have dealt with maximum sustained yield, presently management goals are becoming more diverse � including management of parks and preserves, captive breeding for endangered species, and biological control. General principles applied to insects, fish, birds, and mammals. Special emphasis given to population growth and the species attributes affecting it: predation, competition, island biogeography, species diversity, and stability.
BIOLOGY 497. Community Ecology.: A course in ecology. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; Patterns and processes in populations and assemblages of animals and plants are examined, with examples from specific field studies and a variety of organisms. Emphasis is placed upon the biological interactions among species and the approaches used in field research, experimentation, data analysis, and the testing of ecological theory.
BIOLOGY 498. The Ecology of Agroecosystems.: A course in ecology. I. (Offered in alternative years). (3). (Excl). (BS).; An analysis of ecological principles as they apply to agricultural ecosystems, emphasizing theoretical aspects but also covering empirical results of critical experiments. While the emphasis is on principles, practical applicability is also explored where appropriate. Physical, biological, and social forces are integrated as necessary. Designed as preparation for active research in agroecosystem ecology.
BIOLOGY 499. Dynamic Systems in Population and Community Ecology.: A course in calculus and Biol. 481. I. (Offered in alternate years). (3). (Excl). (BS).; Classical notions of dynamic systems theory are covered, e.g., Rayleigh's model of musical instruments, Duffing's non-linear oscillator, the Van der Pol oscillator, Poincaré's three-bodied problem, along with elementary notions of dynamic systems in ecology (Lotka-Volterra-style equations of predation, competition, and mutualism, 1-D models of logistics and higher order maps). The course also explores the more recent developments in dynamics, as applied to population and community ecology.
BIOLOGY 513. Microbial Genetics.: Genetics; and microbiology or biochemistry. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).; A lecture course covering the principal aspects of microbial genetics, emphasizing analysis of original papers.
BIOLOGY 514. Topics in Molecular Evolution.: Biol. 305 and one upper-level course in either molecular or evolutionary biology, and permission of instructor. I. (Offered in alternate years). (3). (Excl). (BS).; The subject of this course is methods of comparative DNA/amino acid sequence analysis using an evolutionary approach. Topics of sequence alignment and phylogeny reconstruction using DNA and protein sequences are covered.
BIOLOGY 521. Bacterial Physiology II: Carbon Metabolism.: Biol. 305, and Biol. 310 or 311 or Biol. Chem. 415. (1). (Excl). (BS).; The course focuses on central metabolism, especially the catabolism of glucose and lactose.
BIOLOGY 522. Bacterial Physiology III: Nitrogen Metabolism.: Biol. 305, and Biol 310, 311, or Biol. Chem 415. (1). (Excl). (BS).; This course focuses on the assimilation of inorganic forms of nitrogen into cellular material and on the degradation of nitrogenous organic compound for use by cellos
BIOLOGY 525 / CHEM 525. Chemical Biology I.: Chemistry 451, 452, 461, and 463. (3). (Excl). (BS).; Exploration of the application of chemical principles to biology. Together with Chemistry 526, this constitutes a comprehensive one year introduction to the field of chemical biology.
BIOLOGY 526 / CHEM 526. Chemical Biology II.: Biol. 525. Prior or concurrent enrollment in Chemistry 402 or equivalent. (3). (Excl). (BS).; Exploration of the application of chemical principles to biology. Together with Chemistry 525, this constitutes a comprehensive one year introduction to the field of chemical biology.
BIOLOGY 532. Birds of the World.: Sixteen credits of biology and permission of instructor. II. (Offered in alternate years). (4). (Excl). (BS).; Designed for students who plan to do research in ornithology. The first quarter of the course deals with the anatomy of birds and the remainder is a survey of bird families, with emphasis on adaptive radiation, distribution, and the major published literature on each group. Study skins, skeletons, and literature are used in the laboratory. The use of birds as objects for various types of research is stressed.
BIOLOGY 541 / PSYCH 532 / PHYSIOL 541 / ANAT 541. Mammalian Reproductive Endocrinology.: Biol. 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. II. (4). (Excl). (BS).; A study of the cellular and molecular actions of reproductive hormones, which are responsible for the regulation of the female and male reproductive systems. Topics include: the properties and mechanisms of action of pituitary gonadotropic and sex steroid hormones, the anatomy and endocrine regulation of the ovary and testis and of the male and female reproductive tracts, mechanisms of fertilization, implantation and development, the endocrinology of pregnancy, and contraception.
BIOLOGY 556. Field Botany of Northern Michigan.: A course in systematic botany (Biol. 459). IIIb at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; A comprehensive filed approach to vascular plants of the region, including characteristic species of both terrestrial and aquatic habitats as well as species known for their rarity or distinctive distribution pattern.
BIOLOGY 585. Ecology of Streams and Rivers.: A previous or concurrent course in limnology, aquatic ecology, phycology, or aquatic invertebrates is recommended. IIIb at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; Ecology of running water systems. Emphasis is placed on natural history, trophic relationships, population dynamics, and systematics of stream organisms. Aquatic plants, periphyton, insects, other invertebrates, and fish are examined in their relation to physical and chemical characters of streams in the vicinity of the Biological Station. One stream is studied in detail. Both individual and class projects are expected.

Graduate Course Listings for BIOLOGY.

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