01-02 LS&A Bulletin

Courses in Biology (Division 328)

BIOLOGY 400. Advanced Research.: 12 credits of biology, 3.0 average in science, and permission of faculty member in biology. Also offered at the Biological Station during IIIb. (1-3). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of 9 credits.; Intended for those engaged in original research at an advanced level. This course number is most frequently elected by senior honors students who have completed Biology 300 and who are completing their research and writing their thesis. A final paper is required. (Refer to the description of Biology 300 for more information.)
BIOLOGY 401. Advanced Topics in Biology.: Intended for senior concentrators. The prerequisites will be set by the instructor as appropriate for each section. (3). May be repeated for a total of six credits.; This course is designed to acquaint students with a specialized area of Biology that is not a usual part of the Biology Department curriculum. Topics vary from term to term and are listed in the Time Schedule.
BIOLOGY 405. Molecular Basis of Development.: Biol. 162 and 305. A course in molecular and developmental biology is helpful but not required. II. (3).; Addresses the basic question of how asymmetry and diversity is generated during development of an organism. The emphasis is on molecular-genetic aspects of developmental patterns.
BIOLOGY 406. Molecular Genetics of Plant Development.: Biochemistry (Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415), and Genetics (Biol. 305). I. (3).; Focuses on the molecular basis of development in plants. Discusses the genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling embryogenesis, pattern formation, meristem activity, organ formation, cell differentiation, and responses to the environment.
BIOLOGY 407. Advanced Genetic Principles.: Biol. 305 and Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. I. (3).; The advent of molecular biology and genomic resources has revolutionized the genetic and molecular genetic tools available to researchers. This course focuses on modern approaches used in genetic and molecular genetic studies in animals, plants, and microbes. Topics include advanced Mendelian genetics, complex genetic pathways, reverse genetics, and molecular genetics.
BIOLOGY 409. Introductory Plant Physiology Lectures.: Biol. 152-154 or 195; college physics recommended. Graduate Standing. (3).; The course introduces the basic concepts and mechanisms that underlie plant functions: (1) plant cell physiology; (2) cellular and internal transport; and (3) plant growth and development.
BIOLOGY 410. Plant Physiology Laboratory.: Accompanied by Biol. 409. Graduate Standing. (3). Laboratory fee ($65) required.; Laboratory exercises cover (1) plant cell physiology, (2) cellular and internal transport, and (3) plant growth and development. Students experience representative experiments in each of the three parts and learn a variety of experimental approaches used in modern plant physiology.
BIOLOGY 411. Protein Structure and Function.: Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. I. (3).; This course is a practical hands-on approach to extract information about a protein sequence by using protein sequence analysis tools available on the web. Students also identify 3D protein structural motifs, discuss how they are related to the proteins’ functions and discuss how proteins fold.
BIOLOGY 412. Teaching Biochemistry by the Keller Plan.: Biol. 311 and permission of instructor. I, II, and IIIa. (3). This is a graded course. May not be included in any of the Biological Sciences concentration programs. (EXPERIENTIAL).; This course is open only to students who concurrently hold proctorships in Biology 311. Each proctor participates as a tutor with individual students in Biology 311 for several hours each week and attends one weekly meeting with the instructor.
BIOLOGY 413. Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory.: Biol. 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415; and Biol. 305. II. (3). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; The laboratory exercises in this course include: handling of plasmid DNA, designed to introduce students to DNA isolation, restriction enzymes, and ligation; isolation of plant DNA and RNA; localization of plant genes by Southern blot hybridization; expression of a plant protein in a bacteria; and isolation and analysis of plant secondary metabolites.
BIOLOGY 415. Plant Constituents and Their Functions.: Biol. 162 and one term of organic chemistry. I. (Offered in alternate years). (3).; Lectures surveying the major secondary compounds in plants, their functions in plants, and their effects on animals. The compounds, which are grouped primarily according to a functional rather than structural basis, include: pigments, fragrances, hormones, allelopathic agents, toxins (including mycotoxins and carcinogens), medical compounds, hallucinogens, plant defenses against pathogens, and others. They are considered in terms of their value to plants, their mode of action, and their evolution or potential use as phyletic markers.
BIOLOGY 418. Endocrinology.: Biol. 162, 225, and organic chemistry. I. (3).; A comparative study of animal endocrine functions, especially the evolution of endocrine controls, cellular origin of hormones, their physiological actions in organisms, and the biochemical mechanisms of hormone action. Although the emphasis is on the endocrine system of vertebrates, the endocrine systems of invertebrates are also discussed.
BIOLOGY 419. Endocrinology Laboratory.: Prior or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 418. II. (3). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; A laboratory course emphasizing identification, assay, and mechanisms of action of vertebrate hormones.
BIOLOGY 422 / CMBIOL 422. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology.: Biol. 162, one year of physics, prior or concurrent enrollment in biochemistry. I. (3).; This course deals primarily with the properties of individual nerve cells and small groups of nerve cells. This provides the basis for understanding the processing of information by the nervous system, the mechanisms underlying learning and memory, and the biological basis of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Topics covered include the cell biology of neurons and glia, the generation of electrical potentials, the transmission of information between cells, and the cellular basis of simple forms of learning. Considerable emphasis is placed on understanding the molecules that endow the nervous system with these properties. In combination with Biology 425 this course represents a comprehensive introduction to neuroscience.
BIOLOGY 423. Introduction to Research in Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology.: Concurrent enrollment in Biol. 422; or completion of Biol. 222 or 422, and permission of instructor. I. (3). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; This course provides an introduction to state-of-the-art research approaches in cellular and molecular neurobiology. The course is divided into three modules: electrophysiological methods, anatomical methods, and molecular biological methods.
BIOLOGY 425 / ANAT 425. Systems Neurobiology.: Biol. 222, 225, or 422. II. (3).; This course deals primarily with the properties of assemblies of neurons. Particular emphasis is placed on the processing of information by sensory systems, on the production of controlled behavior by motor systems and on the way that neuronal circuits are assembled during development. Examples are drawn from a wide variety of types of animals.
BIOLOGY 426. Molecular Endocrinology.: Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415; and Biol. 225 or 418. II. (3).; Introduces students to the latest advances in our understanding of how hormones work at the molecular and cellular level in vertebrate systems, including humans. Topics covered include: gene structure, expression, regulation, and cellular actions of various hormones.
BIOLOGY 427. Molecular Biology.: Biol. 305; and Biol. 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. I, II. (4).; Lectures and discussions are concerned with the following topics: the physical methods used in molecular biology; structure and coding capacity of DNA chromosomes; DNA replication; transcription, protein synthesis; prokaryotic and eukaryotic regulation; molecular aspects of development; transposable elements and genetic engineering.
BIOLOGY 428. Cell Biology.: Biol. 305; and Biol. 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. Students with credit for Biol. 320 must obtain permission of instructor. I, II. (4).; The following topics are included: methods for handling relevant organisms; general properties of membranes; secretion, endocytosis, and related processes; functions and biogenesis of cell walls, of mitochondria, or chloroplasts; cellular organization of energy metabolism in prokaryotes; cytoskeleton and cell motility; structural organization and functional consequences of nuclei and nucleoids; cell cycle and its regulation; cellular aspects of differentiation and development; functions of specialized cell types.
BIOLOGY 429. Laboratory in Cell and Molecular Biology.: Biol. 427 or 428, or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 428. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. Chem. 416 or 516. II. (3). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; Laboratory work designed to illustrate selected aspects of subcellular physiology and to provide experience with contemporary tools and techniques.
BIOLOGY 430. Molecular Biology of Plants.: Biol. 305; and 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. II. (3).; The basic aspects of molecular genetic/biochemistry as they pertain to plants. Genome and gene structure and expression, processes of protein synthesis and localization, and the interaction of these macromolecules within and between cells.
BIOLOGY 431. Ecology of Animal Parasites.: Two laboratory courses in biology. IIIb at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; Various aspects of natural animal parasite populations are studied including: species diversity, diel and seasonal periodicity, intra- and inter-specific competition, habitat, selection, longevity, recruitment, and energy requirements. Field and laboratory techniques for studying these host-parasite relationships are emphasized. In addition, each student is involved in a group field project.
BIOLOGY 433 / NRE 433. Ornithology.: Biol. 162. I. (4). Laboratory fee ($75) required.; Introduction to the biology of birds. Lectures on behavior, migration, breeding biology, population ecology, and relationships. Laboratory and field work on identification of local birds and their behavior and ecology.
BIOLOGY 435. Intracellular Trafficking.: Biol. 305, Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415, and Biol. 428. I. (3).; Topics covered include molecular basis of secretion, vesicle transport, protein targeting, molecular motors, and organelle biogenesis. Students are presented lectures introducing them to current issues, and then read the latest experimental papers anticipated to have a large impact in the field. The course includes critical discussions of the experiments, interpretations, and conclusions of primary research papers.
BIOLOGY 436. Introductory Immunology.: Biol. 305 and biochemistry (Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415). I. (3).; Detailed study of the organs, cells, and molecules that constitute the human immune system; cellular interactions involved in initiating and mediating an immune response; role of the immune system in organ transplants, cancer therapy, and immunodeficiency diseases; use of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies as precise probes in all fields of modern biological and biomedical research.
BIOLOGY 440 / NRE 422. Biology of Fishes.: Biol. 162 and one additional biology course. I. (3).; An introduction to the science of ichthyology including selected aspects of the anatomy, physiology, natural history, ecology, classification, and evolution of fishes and the dynamic relations of fishes to humans. Also involving field study, collection and identification of local forms.
BIOLOGY 441 / NRE 423. The Biology of Fishes Laboratory.: Biol. 162 and one additional biology course. (1).; Laboratory providing an introduction to the field methods used in fish biology and fisheries, and examining the diversity of the Michigan ichthyofauna and major groups of world fishes.
BIOLOGY 444. Fish Behavior.: Biol. 440. II. (4). Laboratory fee ($40) required.; Lectures and laboratory exercises in the principles and current knowledge of fish behavior, including such topics as neuroanatomy, sensory systems, behavioral diversity, genetics of behavior, feeding, predator avoidance, locomotion, fright reaction, schooling, communication, migration, mating systems, courtship, mate choice, parental care, learning, and evolution of complex behaviors.
BIOLOGY 445 / GEOSCI 445. Biogeography.: Biol. 162. Historical Geology is recommended. (3).; The goal of this course is to provide students with an understanding of how evolution proceeds through time in relation to geography. The course explores the limitation of distributions of organisms by barriers, including climate, effects on species formation and extinction, species abundance and richness, dispersal, and vicariance.
BIOLOGY 450. Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles.: Biol. 162. II. (5). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; Lectures on the evolution, behavior, ecology, and life history of amphibians and reptiles. Laboratory exercises and field trips emphasize identification, life history, adaptations, and field methods.
BIOLOGY 451 / NRE 451. Biology of Mammals.: Biol. 162. I. (Offered in alternate years). (4). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($75) required.; Evolution, distribution, ecology, behavior, anatomy, and classification of mammals, with emphasis on North American species. Lecture, laboratory, and seminar.
BIOLOGY 453. Field Mammalogy.: Two laboratory courses in biology. IIIb at the Biological Station. (Offered in alternate years). (5 in the half-term). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; An introduction to the study of mammals. Areas to be discussed include the ecology, evolution, and systematics of mammals, with emphasis on providing actual field experience with research in these areas, using mammalian examples. Emphasis in field work is placed on the mammal species of the Great Lakes region, but field exercises illustrate general problems in mammalogy. Opportunities for individual research are provided.
BIOLOGY 455. Ethnobotany.: Two college-level courses in biology. III at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term).; Ethnobotany is a course that integrates the principles of plant biology and anthropology. It examines how people manipulate and transform plants for cultural ends and how they think about plants.
BIOLOGY 457. Algae in Freshwater Ecosystems.: Two laboratory courses in botany. IIIb at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; Identification, classification, distribution, life histories, economic importance, and limnological relations of algae of the region. Comparative study of freshwater phytoplankton communities; factors affecting distribution and abundance, population structures and responses to environmental change.
BIOLOGY 458. Biology of the Algae.: Biol. 162, or Biol. 255. I. (Offered in alternate years). (5). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($40) required.; The lectures deal with the evolution, ecology, reproductive biology, and identification of the algae and their relation to ecosystems and human activities. The laboratory introduces representative material of the major taxa of the algae and includes culture techniques and field trips.
BIOLOGY 459. Systematic Botany.: Biol. 162, or Biol. 255. I. (4). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($30) required.; Principles of systematic botany, including training in the major groups of vascular plants in terms of their morphology, anatomy, cytology, ecology, and reproductive biology, as well as problems in numerical taxonomy, biosystematics, and botanical nomenclature. Laboratory includes plant specimens and visual aids.
BIOLOGY 461. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants.: Biol. 162 or 255. I (Offered in alternate years). (5). Laboratory fee ($70) required.; Comparative morphology of vascular plants (pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms), emphasizing evolutionary, developmental, and adaptive interpretation of structures, life cycles, and trends. Lecture and laboratory.
BIOLOGY 463. Neotropical Plant Families.: Biol. 215 or Biol. 459. (3).; The course introduces students to generic-level organization of 25 neo-tropical plant families. Families covered are 1) ecologically widespread and abundant in the neo-tropics or 2) of taxonomic or economic significance. Meetings include lectures on comparative morphology, anatomy, and ecological /economic significance of families and their included genera, and a laboratory during which students examine dried specimens. A field trip to Fairchild Botanical Garden in Florida is included.
BIOLOGY 468. Mushrooms and Molds: Biology and Use.: Biol. 162. II. (Offered in alternate years). (5). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($50) required.; Surveys the members of the Kingdom Fungi, provides an introduction to their ecology, physiology, genetics, and importance to man in biotechnology, medicinal mycology, and plant pathology through lectures, laboratories, and field trips.
BIOLOGY 469. Signal Transduction.: Biology 427 or 428. (3).; This course covers selected topics in animal signal transduction, focusing on critical reading and presentation of primary research papers. It also emphasizes the importance of combining genetic and biochemical approaches to gain a better understanding of cellular processes.
BIOLOGY 472. Plant-Animal Interactions.: Biology 281. II. (3).; This course examines the ecology and evolution of the interactions between plants and animals and fungi including herbivory, pollination, dispersal and resource mutualisms. General theory, hypothesis testing, and current approaches are emphasized.
BIOLOGY 473. Aquatic Ecology Project Lab.: A course in ecology. No credit is granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biology 484. (3). Laboratory fee ($70) required.; This is a lab-based course focusing on exercises in aquatic biology and ecology. Emphasis is placed on project-oriented labs using modern research techniques. Students receive exposure and training in basic lab techniques, and in the latter portion of the course, students design and conduct a research project in aquatic ecology.
BIOLOGY 474. Wetlands Ecology.: Two college-level courses in Biology, preferably one in Ecology. III at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term).; This course emphasizes the role of wetlands as a component of ecosystems, landscapes and global biogeochemical cycles. The science and management of wetland ecosystems provides a framework to discuss the importance of wetlands as a sustainable resource for water quantity and quality, wildlife habitat and preservation of natural areas.
BIOLOGY 475. Conservation Biology and Ecosystem Management.: Two courses in the biological sciences including ecology. III at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term).; This course draws on biological principles from ecology and genetics relevant to species conservation and ecosystem management. Topics covered include: assessment of biodiversity loss, viability of small populations, community-wide consequences of introductions and extinctions, application of island theory to preserve design, ecosystem and landscape approaches to conservation. Students spend the bulk of their time working in groups on field and computer-based projects.
BIOLOGY 476 / NRE 476. Ecosystem Ecology.: An ecology course in the department of Biology, or an ecology course approved by the instructor; and permission of instructor. II. (3).; Current theories about the control and function of ecosystems, the approaches and techniques being used to test these theories, and the application of theory to the management and restoration of ecosystems.
BIOLOGY 477. Laboratory in Field Ecology.: A course in ecology. I. (5). Laboratory fee ($30) required.; This is a filed course, emphasizing observation and hypothesis formation in ecology. Students work in small groups on specific topics, which changes from week to week.
BIOLOGY 478. Advanced Ecology.: A general ecology course (Biol. 381 or equivalent). II. (3). May be repeated for a total of six credits.; Focuses on current topics in ecology placed in a historical perspective. The philosophy of science, hypothesis testing, experimental design, critical thinking, and the development of professional research skills are emphasized.
BIOLOGY 479. The Dynamics of Neotropical Rainforests.: A course in ecology, fluency in Spanish, and permission of instructor. II in Nicaragua. (2). May be repeated for a total of four credits.; This course is held in conjunction with an ongoing study of succession of tropical rainforest in the area damaged by Hurricane Joan in 1988. The intent is to have an intensive field experience with activities planned from 6 AM to 9 PM daily. The course meets for one week for a total of 105 hours.
BIOLOGY 480. Computer-Aided Inferences in Evolution and Ecology.: Senior natural science concentrator or graduate student. I. (4).; A course for prospective professional researchers in natural science who want to learn the concepts, techniques, and language skills to formulate hypotheses so that computers (rather than mathematics) can derive predictions with which to compare data. Such hypotheses are less constrained by mathematical needs and so can better meet the needs of natural science.
BIOLOGY 481. Population Dynamics and Ecology.: A course in ecology. Calculus is strongly recommended. I. (4).; Lectures and discussion on the principles of population ecology, with emphasis on theory and empirical research on the dynamics and regulation of managed and natural populations and the development of skills for modeling populations.
BIOLOGY 482. Limnology.: Three laboratory courses in botany or zoology. IIIb at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; A comparative study of physical, chemical, and biological properties of a variety of local lakes. Students are introduced to a broad range of field and laboratory techniques. Lectures emphasize aquatic ecology and water quality assessment. The study of a local problem in aquatic resource management is emphasized toward the end of the course.
BIOLOGY 483. Limnology: Freshwater Ecology.: Advanced undergraduate or graduate standing, with background in physics, chemistry, biology, or water-related sciences. II. (3).; Lectures on the interrelationships of organisms and the environment in fresh waters, with special attention to recent developments in the field.
BIOLOGY 484. Limnology Laboratory.: Concurrent enrollment in Biol. 483. II. (3). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.; Discussion, laboratory, and field work dealing with interpretation of the interaction of environmental factors in natural waters. Emphasis on comparative aspects of local habitats.
BIOLOGY 485 / GEOSCI 450 / NRE 450 / NAVARCH 450. Aquatic Science Field Studies.: Junior science or engineering concentrators. Those with credit for GS 223 may only elect Biol. 485 for 5 credits. IIIa in Grand Haven, Michigan. (6 in the half-term).; Taught near Lake Michigan. Basic concepts of physical, chemical, biological, and geological sciences as they apply to the aquatic environment are covered in lectures. Students participate in a field program and carry out an independent research project. There will be collections of many different types of organisms with various gear, measurement of temperature and nutrients in the water, monitoring of the waves and currents, and sojourns into adjacent streams and rivers to collect organisms and observe relationships with their environment.
BIOLOGY 486. Biology and Ecology of Fish.: Two laboratory courses in biology. IIIb at the Biological Station. (Offered in alternate years). (5 in the half-term). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; Lectures provide background in fish ecology, distribution and evolution, and in the geological history of North American freshwater habitats. Laboratory and field exercises, designed to investigate the physiological, behavioral, and numerical responses of fish to biotic and abiotic factors. Group exercises stress methods for studying community interactions, population ecology and limiting factors, and students are expected to design and carry out independent studies applying methods learned in class to specific problems in fish ecology.
BIOLOGY 487 / NRE 409. Ecology of Fishes.: One course in ecology. II. (3).; Physiological, behavioral, and numerical responses of fish to biotic and abiotic factors. The relationships between fish and the physical, chemical, and biological parameters of the major habitat types is emphasized, especially in regards to the adaptations of fish for survival under these different constraints.
BIOLOGY 488. Microbial Ecology of Terrestrial Ecosystems.: Biol. 162. II. (3).; This course surveys the major groups of soil organisms found in terrestrial ecosystems in Michigan. The primary focus is to gain an understanding of how these organisms grow, reproduce and interact in soil processes ultimately controlling plant growth, e.g., nitrogen fixation, mycorrhizal symbioses, pathogenic symbioses, etc.
BIOLOGY 489 / NRE 430. Soil Properties and Processes.: Biol. 162 and chemistry. I. (3). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($25) required.; Soils as central components of terrestrial ecosystems. Major emphasis on physical and chemical soil properties and their relationships to soil-resource problems: soil-plant relations, site productivity, soil mapping and classification, forest and crop management, soil erosion, pollution effects, and biogeochemical cycling. Quantitative analysis and interpretation of soil data are stressed in lecture and laboratory. Forested soils are a major focus, although soils of other ecosystems are also examined.
BIOLOGY 491. Principles of Phylogenetic Systematics.: Biol. 162. II. (Offered in alternate years). (4). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; Systematics is the science of classifying organic diversity. This course focuses on a single, coherent theory of classification – phylogenetic systematics, which involves the discovery of the species genealogy and the formulation of a corresponding taxonomy.
BIOLOGY 492. Behavioral Ecology.: Biol. 162, and one additional course in zoology. I in Ann Arbor; IIIb at the Biological Station. (4 in Ann Arbor; 5 in the half-term; 5 at Biol. Station, which also includes Biol. 493).; An introduction to animal behavior. The comparative method as well as various experimental approaches to the study of behavior of animals are presented. Emphasis on the integration of the various factors influencing behavior.
BIOLOGY 496 / NRE 425. Population Ecology.: General ecology and NR&E 438; calculus recommended. II. (4). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; Principles of population and community ecology are examined from an analytical and theoretical perspective for application to management problems. Where most past management problems for communities and populations have dealt with maximum sustained yield, presently management goals are becoming more diverse – including management of parks and preserves, captive breeding for endangered species, and biological control. General principles applied to insects, fish, birds, and mammals. Special emphasis given to population growth and the species attributes affecting it: predation, competition, island biogeography, species diversity, and stability.
BIOLOGY 497. Community Ecology.: A course in ecology. II. (3).; Patterns and processes in populations and assemblages of animals and plants are examined, with examples from specific field studies and a variety of organisms. Emphasis is placed upon the biological interactions among species and the approaches used in field research, experimentation, data analysis, and the testing of ecological theory.
BIOLOGY 498. The Ecology of Agroecosystems.: A course in ecology. I. (Offered in alternative years). (3).; An analysis of ecological principles as they apply to agricultural ecosystems, emphasizing theoretical aspects but also covering empirical results of critical experiments. While the emphasis is on principles, practical applicability is also explored where appropriate. Physical, biological, and social forces are integrated as necessary. Designed as preparation for active research in agroecosystem ecology.
BIOLOGY 499. Dynamic Systems in Population and Community Ecology.: A course in calculus and Biol. 481. I. (Offered in alternate years). (3).; Classical notions of dynamic systems theory are covered, e.g., Rayleigh's model of musical instruments, Duffing's non-linear oscillator, the Van der Pol oscillator, Poincaré's three-bodied problem, along with elementary notions of dynamic systems in ecology (Lotka-Volterra-style equations of predation, competition, and mutualism, 1-D models of logistics and higher order maps). The course also explores the more recent developments in dynamics, as applied to population and community ecology.
BIOLOGY 501. Professional Writing in Biology.: Graduate standing in a doctoral program relevant to Biology and permission of instructor. (3).
BIOLOGY 513. Microbial Genetics.: Genetics; and microbiology or biochemistry. II. (3).; A lecture course covering the principal aspects of microbial genetics, emphasizing analysis of original papers.
BIOLOGY 514. Topics in Molecular Evolution.: Biol. 305 and one upper-level course in either molecular or evolutionary biology, and permission of instructor. I. (Offered in alternate years). (3).; The subject of this course is methods of comparative DNA/amino acid sequence analysis using an evolutionary approach. Topics of sequence alignment and phylogeny reconstruction using DNA and protein sequences are covered.
BIOLOGY 521. Bacterial Physiology II: Carbon Metabolism.: Biol. 305, and Biol. 310 or 311 or Biol. Chem. 415. (1).; The course focuses on central metabolism, especially the catabolism of glucose and lactose.
BIOLOGY 522. Bacterial Physiology III: Nitrogen Metabolism.: Biol. 305, and Biol 310, 311, or Biol. Chem 415. (1).; This course focuses on the assimilation of inorganic forms of nitrogen into cellular material and on the degradation of nitrogenous organic compound for use by cellos
BIOLOGY 525 / CHEM 525. Chemical Biology I.: Chemistry 451, 452, 461, and 463. (3).; Exploration of the application of chemical principles to biology. Together with Chemistry 526, this constitutes a comprehensive one year introduction to the field of chemical biology.
BIOLOGY 526 / CHEM 526. Chemical Biology II.: Biol. 525. Prior or concurrent enrollment in Chemistry 402 or equivalent. (3).; Exploration of the application of chemical principles to biology. Together with Chemistry 525, this constitutes a comprehensive one year introduction to the field of chemical biology.
BIOLOGY 532. Birds of the World.: Sixteen credits of biology and permission of instructor. II. (Offered in alternate years). (4).; Designed for students who plan to do research in ornithology. The first quarter of the course deals with the anatomy of birds and the remainder is a survey of bird families, with emphasis on adaptive radiation, distribution, and the major published literature on each group. Study skins, skeletons, and literature are used in the laboratory. The use of birds as objects for various types of research is stressed.
BIOLOGY 538 / GEOSCI 538. Quantitative Analysis in Geology and Biology.: High school math; elementary statistics and computer skills. Graduate Standing. (3).
BIOLOGY 541 / PSYCH 532 / PHYSIOL 541 / ANAT 541. Mammalian Reproductive Endocrinology.: Biol. 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. II. (4).; A study of the cellular and molecular actions of reproductive hormones, which are responsible for the regulation of the female and male reproductive systems. Topics include: the properties and mechanisms of action of pituitary gonadotropic and sex steroid hormones, the anatomy and endocrine regulation of the ovary and testis and of the male and female reproductive tracts, mechanisms of fertilization, implantation and development, the endocrinology of pregnancy, and contraception.
BIOLOGY 556. Field Botany of Northern Michigan.: A course in systematic botany (Biol. 459). IIIb at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; A comprehensive filed approach to vascular plants of the region, including characteristic species of both terrestrial and aquatic habitats as well as species known for their rarity or distinctive distribution pattern.
BIOLOGY 585. Ecology of Streams and Rivers.: A previous or concurrent course in limnology, aquatic ecology, phycology, or aquatic invertebrates is recommended. IIIb at the Biological Station. (5 in the half-term). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.; Ecology of running water systems. Emphasis is placed on natural history, trophic relationships, population dynamics, and systematics of stream organisms. Aquatic plants, periphyton, insects, other invertebrates, and fish are examined in their relation to physical and chemical characters of streams in the vicinity of the Biological Station. One stream is studied in detail. Both individual and class projects are expected.
BIOLOGY 586. Methods of Ecological Research.: Selection for participation in the Naturalist-Ecologist Training Program at the Biological Station. Graduate Standing. Offered IIIB at the Biological Station.(5 in the half-term).
BIOLOGY 601. Readings in Investigative Biology.: Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (1). (INDEPENDENT).
BIOLOGY 608 / BIOPHYS 608 / PHYSICS 608. Biophysical Principles of Microscopy.: Physics 405 and Graduate Standing. (3).
BIOLOGY 615. Topics in Cellular and Molecular Biology.: Biol. 427 and 428; Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (3). May be repeated for a total of 6 credits.; A course in seminar format for reading and discussing reviews and original research papers on genetic approaches to cell biological problems.
BIOLOGY 616. The Physiology and Biochemistry of Mitochondria.: Biol. 411; permission of instructor. (2).
BIOLOGY 618. Animal Energetics.: Biol. 411 or 428; Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (2).
BIOLOGY 621. Microbial Biochemistry.: Biol. 408; Biol. 428 or 513; preceded or accompanied by Biol. Chem. 580. Graduate Standing. (3).
BIOLOGY 622 / ANAT 622 / NEUROSCI 622. Topics in Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology.: Concurrent enrollment in in Biol. 422 and permission of instructor. Graduate standing. (2).
BIOLOGY 625 / ANAT 625 / NEUROSCI 625. Topics in Systems Neurobiology.: Concurrent enrollment in Biol. 425; Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (1).
BIOLOGY 630 / CMBIOL 630 / HUMGEN 630 / MICRBIOL 630 / PHRMACOL 630. Genetics Short Course.: Graduate standing. (1). May be repeated for credit.; In-depth discussion of selected topics by guest lecturers.
BIOLOGY 631 / BIOLCHEM 631 / HUMGEN 631 / MICRBIOL 631 / PHRMACOL 630. Genetic Program Student Seminar.: Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (1).
BIOLOGY 680 / CMBIOL 680 / HUMGEN 680 / NEUROSCI 680 / PATH 680 / PHYSIOL 680 / CDB 680. Organogenesis of a Complex Tissue – Module I: Neural Crest.: Graduate Cell biology recommended, but not required. Graduate standing. (1).; This course topic consists of three 1 credit modules that may be elected individually for 1 credit each, or elected together for a total of three credits. These modules consist of three four-week modules; each focused on one tissue or organ system.
Module 1 Organogenesis of the Gut.
Module 2 Organogenesis of the Neural Crest.
Module 3 Organogenesis of Skeletal Muscle.

Course objectives are:

to provide students with a current, in-depth, multidisciplinary view of the processes of organogenesis and
to highlight target areas of future research.
Lectures integrate several aspects of organogenesis, including: morphological and molecular events underlying organ formation; in vitro and in vivo systems for the study of these events; parallel pathways for organ formation in model organisms (fly, worm, fish, bird, mouse, and human); adult organ structure and pathology; organ regeneration or repair; stem cell systems; carcinogenesis; and artificial organ systems.

Each module will be team-taught by faculty with research and/or clinical expertise in the topic organ. Students are evaluated on the basis of class participation and "mini proposals" (one mini proposal per module).
BIOLOGY 681. Ecosystems of North America.: One year introductory biology; one course in ecology; written consent of instructor. Graduate Standing. (5).
BIOLOGY 682 / CMBIOL 681 / HUMGEN 681 / NEUROSCI 681 / PATH 681 / PHYSIOL 681 / CDB 681. Organogenesis of a Complex Tissue – Module II: Skeletal Muscle.: Graduate Cell biology recommended, but not required. Graduate standing. (1).; This course topic consists of three 1 credit modules that may be elected individually for 1 credit each, or elected together for a total of three credits. These modules consist of three four-week modules; each focused on one tissue or organ system.
Module 1 Organogenesis of the Gut.
Module 2 Organogenesis of the Neural Crest.
Module 3 Organogenesis of Skeletal Muscle.

Course objectives are:

to provide students with a current, in-depth, multidisciplinary view of the processes of organogenesis and
to highlight target areas of future research.
Lectures integrate several aspects of organogenesis, including: morphological and molecular events underlying organ formation; in vitro and in vivo systems for the study of these events; parallel pathways for organ formation in model organisms (fly, worm, fish, bird, mouse, and human); adult organ structure and pathology; organ regeneration or repair; stem cell systems; carcinogenesis; and artificial organ systems.

Each module will be team-taught by faculty with research and/or clinical expertise in the topic organ. Students are evaluated on the basis of class participation and "mini proposals" (one mini proposal per module).
BIOLOGY 683 / CMBIOL 682 / HUMGEN 682 / NEUROSCI 682 / PATH 682 / PHYSIOL 682. Organogenesis of a Complex Tissue – Module III: Gut.: Graduate Cell Biology recommended, but not required. Graduate standing. (1).; This course topic consists of three 1 credit modules that may be elected individually for 1 credit each, or elected together for a total of three credits. These modules consist of three four-week modules; each focused on one tissue or organ system.
Module 1 Organogenesis of the Gut.
Module 2 Organogenesis of the Neural Crest.
Module 3 Organogenesis of Skeletal Muscle.

Course objectives are:

to provide students with a current, in-depth, multidisciplinary view of the processes of organogenesis and
to highlight target areas of future research.
Lectures integrate several aspects of organogenesis, including: morphological and molecular events underlying organ formation; in vitro and in vivo systems for the study of these events; parallel pathways for organ formation in model organisms (fly, worm, fish, bird, mouse, and human); adult organ structure and pathology; organ regeneration or repair; stem cell systems; carcinogenesis; and artificial organ systems.

Each module will be team-taught by faculty with research and/or clinical expertise in the topic organ. Students are evaluated on the basis of class participation and "mini proposals" (one mini proposal per module).
BIOLOGY 685. Current Topics in Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology.: Graduate standing. (1).; Designed to acquaint students with a broad range of current topics in ecology, evolution, and organismal biology. Weekly lectures, each presented by a different member of the faculty, will introduce students both to specific research topics and to the broad conceptual framework that organizes a particular area of research. Readings will be assigned by each lecturer to provide both background material and specific examples of research approaches. The discussion sections will provide opportunities to go over the lecture and readings in more detail.
BIOLOGY 700. Advanced Study in Biology.: 16 hours in biology, Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (1-8). (INDEPENDENT).; An introduction to research methods in biology, requiring examination of original literature, experimental work on the subject of investigation, and the writing of a report.
BIOLOGY 721 / BIOLCHEM 721 / PHRMACOL 721 / NEUROSCI 721. Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology.: Biol. Chem. 415 and Graduate Standing. (2).
BIOLOGY 730. Advanced Zoological Studies.: Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (1-8). (INDEPENDENT).; An introduction to the research methods in zoology requiring examination of original literature, experimental work on the subject of investigation, and writing of a report.
BIOLOGY 755. Special Studies in Botany.: Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (2-6). (INDEPENDENT).; Students who wish to carry on independent study in some specific discipline within the field of botany may elect this course. Each student must arrange with an appropriate faculty member to have his or her study supervised. An independent study project may involve library, laboratory, or field research or any combination of these.
BIOLOGY 800. Biology Seminars.: Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (1). May be repeated for credit.
BIOLOGY 801. Supervised Teaching.: Graduate standing and permission of instructor. Appointment as Teaching Assistant in Biology. (2; 1 credit for GSI Training course). (INDEPENDENT).; Seminars, demonstrations, and orientation for college teaching in biology. Available for all pre-candidate teaching assistants.
BIOLOGY 830. Zoology Seminars.: Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (1).
BIOLOGY 930. Vertebrate Morphology.: IIIA at the Biological Station. (1-3 in the half-term).
BIOLOGY 990. Dissertation/Precandidate.: Election for dissertation work by doctoral student not yet admitted as a Candidate. Graduate Standing. (1-8; 1-4 in the half-term). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for credit.; Election for dissertation work by doctoral student not yet admitted as a Candidate.
BIOLOGY 995. Dissertation/Candidate.: Graduate School authorization for admission as a doctoral Candidate. Graduate Standing. (8; 4 in the half-term). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for credit.; Graduate School authorization for admission as a doctoral Candidate. N.B. The defense of the dissertation (the final oral examination) must be held under a full term Candidacy enrollment period.

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