01-02 LS&A Bulletin

Courses in Geological Sciences (Division 377)

GEOSCI 411. Geology of Michigan.: (Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators); No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 155 (or 283). (3).; Suitable for students with a limited background in science and geology. Basic principles of geology are outlined in the course and used to explore the four billion years of geologic evolution of the Upper Great Lakes region by way of lectures, interpretation of geologic maps, and field exercises.
GEOSCI 415. Introductory Economic Geology.: (Primarily for Concentrators); GS 310 or 351. I. (4).; An introduction to the geology of mineral deposits and to the scientific principles and economics involved in their discovery and utilization. Weekly, problem oriented laboratories provide experience in the identification and interpretation of ores in hand specimens, thin sections, and polished sections.
GEOSCI 416. Organismal Function and Evolution.: (Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators); Biol. 162 or Geol. 418; Math. 115; Physics 125. (4).; Organisms must obey the law of physics, thus their morphology is governed or constrained by them. This course introduces the relevant principles of physics and explores how organisms can be understood in terms of the environment they encounter. The course illustrates why physics is important to biology and broadens the physics background of biology/paleontology students.
GEOSCI 417. Geology of the Great Lakes.: (Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators); One college level science course. Permission of instructor. (2).; Geologic history of the late-glacial and post-glacial Great Lakes of North America, with emphasis on evaluation of evidence. Related topics such as lake circulation, bedrock setting, and physical environment of sedimentation, and paleoclimate records are examines
GEOSCI 418. Paleontology.: (Primarily for Concentrators); GS 117 or Biol. 162. I. (3).; Introduction to the principles, methods of analysis, and major controversies within paleontology; familiarization with the fossil record (primarily, but not exclusively, of invertebrates) and its use in problems involving evolutionary biology, paleoecology, and general earth history. Lectures and required field trip.
GEOSCI 419. Paleontology Laboratory.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Prior or concurrent enrollment in GS 418. I. (1).; This laboratory course involves observation, analysis, and interpretation of fossil and relevant recent materials, primarily invertebrates. Its goal is to give the student experience in dealing with paleontological problems and to develop a familiarity with the systematics and morphology of important groups of fossil organisms.
GEOSCI 420. Introductory Earth Physics.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Math. 116. I. (3).; This course is intended to be a comprehensive introduction to the physics of the solid earth. Topics to be included are: seismology and structure of the earth's interior; geodynamics; gravity and the figure of the earth; isostasy; geomagnetism and paleomagnetism and its implications for plate tectonics; geothermics and the thermal history of the earth.
GEOSCI 422. Principles of Geochemistry.: (Primarily for Concentrators); GS 231, 305, 310 and Chem. 125/130. II. (3).; Instruction is directed toward how geochemical methods, such as stable isotope and trace element analysis, radioactive age dating, determination of phase relations of minerals and melts at low to high temperature and pressure, and computation of or experimentation on equilibria in the hydrosphere, hydrothermal solutions, and metamorphic and igneous systems, can unravel and provide insight into the origin and chemical evolution of the earth and its parts (core, mantle, crustal rocks).
GEOSCI 425. Environmental Geochemistry.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Introductory chemistry. (3).; This course deals with the geochemistry of our environment. It focuses on the geochemistry of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere and the ways in which they affect the biosphere. Applications of these principles to present-day problems in environmental geochemistry are discussed.
GEOSCI 426. Quantum Geology.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Math through 216, and one of: mineralogy, petrology, solid-state chemistry, solid-state physics, or materials science; or permission of instructor. (3).; This course provides a foundation in basic physical principles for the interpretation of the state and behavior of earth materials in the field and laboratory, including fluids, minerals, and melts. Central geological concepts from mineral and fluid chemistry, thermodynamics, and transport are analyzed in terms of the underlying quantum and statistical mechanics.
GEOSCI 427. Environmental and Technological Applications of Mineralogy.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Geology 231/232, comparable courses in the solid-state, or the approval of the instructor. (3).; This course introduces basic principals in mineralogy and materials science with their application to environmental and technological problems. Topics include phase transitions, corrosion and alteration, trace element behavior, colloids and surfaces. Materials discussed include clays, soils, cement, zeolites, and actinide/toxic metal phases.
GEOSCI 430. Depositional Environments.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Permission of instructor. (3).; Deals with advanced concepts in the deposition of sedimentary rocks. Includes an examination of important processes and products of sediment accumulation in the major terrigenous clastic, carbonate, and evaporite depositional systems including both continental and oceanic settings where appropriate.
GEOSCI 431. Introduction to Optical Mineralogy.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (1). No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Geology 231.; This is a course in optical mineralogy and petrography. It has the same lecture as the recitation section of GS231, and the same lab as one lab section of GS231. It is intended for the graduate student in Geological Sciences who needs an introduction to this subject.
GEOSCI 433. Field Studies in Economic Geology.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Permission of instructor. (1-4). May be repeated for credit.; Field Studies in Economic Geology.
GEOSCI 435. Field Studies in Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Permission of instructor. (1-4). May be repeated for credit.; Field Studies in Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry.
GEOSCI 437. Evolution of Vertebrates.: (Primarily for Concentrators); A course in general biology or historical geology. (4).; Lectures and laboratory exercises on the anatomy, ecology, and phylogeny of vertebrates with emphasis on adaptation and evolution.
GEOSCI 438. Evolution of the Primates.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Permission of instructor. (4).; Survey of living primates and analysis of the primate fossil record. Reconstruction of paleobiology of fossils Plesiadapis, Notharctus, Aegyptopithecus, Proconsul, etc., is followed by analysis of the origin, systematic relationships, and major adaptive radiations of primates.
GEOSCI 439. Fossil Record and Evolution of Mammals.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Permission of instructor. (4).; Contribution of fossil record to our understanding of the evolutionary process and the origin, radiation, and systematic relationships of mammals. Emphasis on functional anatomy, origin of modern mammalian orders in the Paleocene and Eocene, and the Miocene to recent faunal history of mammals.
GEOSCI 440. Field Course in Geology.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Elementary trigonometry, GS 310 and 351. IIIb at Camp Davis, Wyoming. (8).; Field instruction in structural geology, geomorphology, stratigraphy, and economic geology taught at Camp Davis, the University's Rocky Mountain Field Station near Jackson, Wyoming. Includes use of plane table and aerial photographs in geologic mapping. Contact the department in 2534 C.C. Little Building between November and February for application form and more detailed information.
GEOSCI 441. Field Course in Environmental Geology.: (Primarily for Concentrators); One of GS 116, 117 or 119; or GS 205 and 206. IIIb at Camp Davis, Wyoming. (4 in the half-term).; A four week field course in general and environmental geology held at Camp Davis, Wyoming for students concentrating in Environmental or General Geology. Students are introduced to the basics of geologic mapping and the tectonic evolution of North America. The course culminates with a final project on surficial, geological processes of environmental importance. Contact the department in 2534 C.C. Little Building for application form and more detailed information.
GEOSCI 442. Earth Surface Processes and Soils.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Upperclass standing; an introductory course in physical geology is recommended but not required. I. (4).; Study of processes occurring on the Earth's solid surface that determine its landforms, as well as the processes by which soils form on the surface. The emphasis is on both processes in the present environment and the evolution of landforms over geological time. Several required field trips investigate landforms and processes around southern Michigan.
GEOSCI 445 / BIOLOGY 445. Biogeography.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Biol. 162. Historical Geology (or equivalent) is recommended. (3).; The goal of this course is to provide students with an understanding of how evolution proceeds through time in relation to geography. The course explores the limitation of distributions of organisms by barriers, including climate, effects on species formation and extinction, species abundance and richness, dispersal, and vicariance.
GEOSCI 449. Marine Geology.: (Primarily for Concentrators); GS 222/223 or introductory physical geology. (3).; Topography, geomorphology, sediments, processes, and environments of the oceans; characteristics of oceanic segments of the earth's crust; seafloor spreading and plate tectonics; paleooceanography and paleoclimatology.
GEOSCI 450 / BIOLOGY 485 / NRE 450 / NAVARCH 450. Aquatic Science Field Studies.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Junior science or engineering concentrators. Those with credit for GS 223 may only elect GS 450 for 5 credits. IIIa in Grand Haven, Michigan. (6 in the half-term).; Taught near Lake Michigan. Basic concepts of physical, chemical, biological, and geological sciences as they apply to the aquatic environment are covered in lectures. Students participate in a field program and carry out an independent research project. There will be collections of many different types of organisms with various gear, measurement of temperature and nutrients in the water, monitoring of the waves and currents, and sojourns into adjacent streams and rivers to collect organisms and observe relationships with their environment.
GEOSCI 451. Introductory Earth Structure.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Permission of Instructor. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 351. (3). Geology and oceanography concentrators should not enroll in GS451, but elect GS 351.; Description and interpretation of geological structures in the Earth�s crust and introduction to global plate tectonics. Topics covered are: mechanics, stress, strain and deformation; hand-specimen and field description of geological structures; the kinematics and dynamics of folding and faulting; flow of rocks (rheology); introduction to dislocation theory; microstructural analysis; principles of plate tectonics; tectonic evolution of selected regions. The course is aimed at those with an interest in geology beyond the introductory level, as well as students who want a basic understanding of the outer Earth�s physical properties.
GEOSCI 455. Determinative Methods in Mineralogical and Inorganic Materials.: (Primarily for Concentrators); One term of elementary chemistry and physics. II. (4).; Introduction to the principal quantitative methods of characterizing the chemistry and structure of inorganic phases, including X-ray diffraction, XRF, microprobe, SEM, wet chemical, optical, resonance, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Laboratory provides student with practical experience with principles covered in lectures. Designed for geologists, chemists, physicists, metallurgists, and materials scientists.
GEOSCI 465 / CHEM 467 / AOSS 467. Biogeochemical Cycles.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Math. 116, Chem. 210, and Phys. 240 (or 260). (3).; The biogeochemical cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur; the atmosphere and oceans as reservoirs and reaction media; the fate of natural and human-made sources of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur compounds; the interactions among major biogeochemical cycles and resultant global change: greenhouse gases, acid rain, and ozone depletion.
GEOSCI 467. Stratigraphy.: (Primarily for Concentrators); GS 305, 310, and 351. I. (3).; Principles underlying correlation, sedimentation, and paleogeographic interpretation. Regional stratigraphy and sedimentary tectonics.
GEOSCI 473. Fundamentals of Organic Geochemistry.: (Primarily for Concentrators); GS 305 or Chem. 215/216. (3).; An introduction to the fundamentals of the sources, transport, accumulation, and alterations of organic matter in sediments and sedimentary rocks. Elemental, isotopic, and molecular indicators of origins, diagenetic and catagenetic pathways of constituents of organic matter, and carbon, biogeochemical cycles. Formation of petroleum and coal.
GEOSCI 477. Hydrogeology.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Phys. 140 (or 160)/141, Chem. 125/130, and Math. 116; Math. 215/216 are recommended. (4).; Introduction to physical and chemical hydrogeology, with emphasis on process and application to geological settings. Quantification of the hydrologic cycle and physical framework and properties of aquifer systems. Development of transport equations and examples of fluid, energy, and chemical transport in porous and fractures media.
GEOSCI 478. Geochemistry of Natural Waters.: (Primarily for Concentrators); College chemistry. (4).; The application of chemical principles to the study of rock/water interactions in natural systems. Importance of kinetics, thermodynamics and activity/concentration relating to geologic problems.
GEOSCI 479. Marine Geochemistry.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Chem. 125/130. (3).; Distribution and composition of marine sediments, marine cycles and budgets of the elements, paleoceanography, conceptual and quantitative models of ocean composition, thermodynamic and kinetic controls on composition, seafloor hydrothermal systems, current research topics.
GEOSCI 483. Geophysics: Seismology.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Prior or concurrent election of Math. 215 and Phys. 240 (or 260). (4).; Elastic properties of rocks, elastic waves, seismological instruments and data, use of body wave travel times, surface wave dispersion, and periods of free vibrations to infer the structure and composition of the earth's interior; earthquake intensity and magnitude scales; spatial, temporal, and magnitude distribution of earthquakes, earthquake source mechanisms, seismological contributions to understanding of earth dynamics and global tectonics, moonquakes, underground nuclear explosions and "man-made" earthquakes, and earthquake prediction and control. Lectures and laboratory.
GEOSCI 486. Geodynamics.: (Primarily for Concentrators); GS 420 and prior or concurrent election of Math. 215 and Phys. 240 (or 260). (3).; Analysis of dynamic problems in geology through application of continuum and thermal physics. Concepts of stress, strain and elasticity; flow of viscous fluids; and conduction and advection of heat are developed in geological contexts. Physical basis for plate tectonics considered in detail.
GEOSCI 498. Research or Special Work.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Permission of instructor. (1-6). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of six credits.; Research or special work in geological sciences for undergraduate or graduate students. May be taken as a one-term or two-term sequence with Geol. Sci. 499.
GEOSCI 499. Research or Special Work.: (Primarily for Concentrators); Permission of instructor. (1-6). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of six credits.; Research or special work in geological sciences for undergraduate or graduate students. May be taken as a one-term or two-term sequence with Geol. Sci. 498.
GEOSCI 501. Element Micorpaleo.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Graduate standing. (3).; This course provides an introduction to the major microfossil groups used in marine biostratigraphy. Students gain background knowledge of the marine microfossils and the organisms which they represent, including their biology, ecology, evolution and geographic distribution. The principles of stratigraphic zonation will be discussed and examples of such zonations, together with their inherent strengths and weaknesses, are presented.
GEOSCI 507. Igneous Petrography and Petrogenesis.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Geol. Sci. 310 and 431. (4).; The principal objective of this course is to familiarize the student with processes affecting initially homogeneous silicate melts in the earth's crust and mantle to produce rocks of various compositions. The processes are evaluated from a number of standpoints including field evidence, thermodynamic calculations, phase equilibria, trace element partitioning and isotopic signatures. Geochemical and petrologic features recognized in the various rock suites are tied to tectonic settings, and models explaining these compositional differences are discussed.
GEOSCI 508. Metamorphic Petrology.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); GS 231 and 310 or Geol. Sci. 431 or equivalent. Graduate standing. (4).; This course is designed to introduce the student to research topics in metamorphic petrology. Laboratory emphasizes petrographic observation, lectures focus on relation between rock systems and phase equilibria. Term paper of research topic of student's choosing is a central element of this course. Field trips required.
GEOSCI 510. Paleobiology.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); GS 418, 437, 438, 439, or Biol. 351, 413, 443. Graduate standing. (3).; This course is a topical treatment of current controversies and areas of research in paleobiology, intended for students who have already had a basic introduction to the field. The course is given principally in a lecture format, with occasional sessions structured as seminars. Readings are derived from the primary literature. Topics covered include: microevolutionary patterns; macroevolution; units of selection; quantitative analysis of evolutionary rates; community dynamics and evolutionary ecology; evolution of life history strategies; mass and background extinction; periodicity in extinction and origination; nonlinear dynamics and chaos in evolution.
GEOSCI 515. Tectonics of Oceans and Continents.: (Primarily for Concentrators); GS 351. (4).; Modern tectonic processes of plate boundaries. Tectonic evolution of oceans and continents.
GEOSCI 525. Tectonophysics.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); A basic knowledge of mathematics and physics is required; Permission of permission. (4).; This course is aimed at incoming graduate students and senior undergraduates, and examines the basic physical processes of the dynamic Earth. The material will cover a broad range of topics that include: plate kinematics, spherical geometry, hotspot tracks, polar wander, gravity, isostasy, geoid, heat sources and heat transport, thermal structure, crystal defect-structure, brittle and ductile processes, crustal geometry, tectono-chronology, plate deformation, processes at plate boundaries, plate-driving forces, basin formation, fluid dynamics, rheologic models, whole-earth structure, mantle and core dynamics. Graduate and interested undergraduate students of all backgrounds are encouraged to take this course that offers a broad and intellectually diverse overview of the physical Earth.
GEOSCI 530. Sediment Diagenesis.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (3).; Carbonate Sedimentology examines not only the physical aspects of carbonate sediment deposition, but also the physical and chemical aspects of their alteration during processes of lithification. Topics covered in this course include: carbonate mineralogy and chemistry, biogenic and chemical components of carbonate sediments, distribution in time and space, depositional facies patterns, and the physical and chemical processes which lead to sediment alteration. The format of this course combines lectures to provide a conceptual framework and laboratory exercises to stress recognition of carbonate rock components and diagenetic features and fabrics.
GEOSCI 531. Seminar in Geologic Problems.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Permission of instructor. (1-3).
GEOSCI 532. Seminar in Quaternary Geology or Geomorphology.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Permission of instructor. (1-2).
GEOSCI 533. Seminar in Economic Geology.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Permission of instructor. (1-2).
GEOSCI 534. Seminar in Geophysics, Tectonics, or Structure.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Permission of instructor. (1-2).
GEOSCI 535. Seminar in Mineralogy, Petrology, or Geochemistry.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Permission of instructor. (1-2). May be repeated for credit.
GEOSCI 536. Seminar in Stratigraphy, Paleontology, or Sedimentology.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Permission of instructor. (1-2).
GEOSCI 537. Macroevolution.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (1-2).
GEOSCI 538 / BIOLOGY 538. Quantitative Analysis in Geology and Biology.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); High school math, elementary statistics, and elementary computer skills. Graduate standing. (3).
GEOSCI 539. Seminar in Paleomammalogy.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); GS 439 and Graduate standing. (1-2).
GEOSCI 552. Advanced Earth Structure.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Undergraduate course in structural geology. (3).; This graduate-level course discusses research topics in Structural Geology. Class topics can focus on theory and/or application, ranging in scale from microstructures to field observations; regional tectonics is not discussed. The class combines a lecture format with exercises, a full-length paper and a formal presentation.
GEOSCI 553. Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibria.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); GS 231 and 310; Chem. 468 recommended. Graduate standing. (3).; This course emphasizes the connection between thermodynamics and phase equilibria. The student is introduced to the concepts of thermodynamics necessary for generation of phase equilibria. Emphasis will be placed on the roles of pressure, temperature mole fractions and fugacities of various gas species, activity composition relations in selected solids and fluids. An introduction to the common experimental techniques of determining phase equilibria.
GEOSCI 555. Kinetics of Geochemical Processes.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Math through differential equations and GS 553. Graduate standing. (3).; This course deals with kinetic of homogenous chemical reactions, diffusion, and kinetics of heterogeneous chemical reactions and phrase transformations that often involve coupled diffusion and reaction.
GEOSCI 580. Isotope Geology.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); Graduate standing. (3).; This course explains from first principles the main radioactive and stable isotopic techniques used in geochemistry and geology. The course also demonstrates the manner in which isotope geochemistry has been utilized to solve some of the major problems in the earth sciences: bulk Earth geochemistry, dating of a wide variety of rock types and common geological processes, the age and origin of the Moon and meteorites, crustal evolution, mantle reservoirs, the origins of igneous rocks, crustal thermal histories, sedimentary diagenesis, sedimentary provenance, palaeotemperatures, ore petrology and water-rock interaction.
GEOSCI 582. Advanced Mineral Deposits.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); GS 415 and 461. Graduate standing. (4).; This course deals with the geology and geochemistry of mineral deposits, including high-temperature hydrothermal geochemistry, fluid inclusion petrography and geochemistry, sulfide-oxide-silicate equilibria, and geologic relations in classic ore systems.
GEOSCI 583. Intermediate Seismology.: (Primarily for Graduate Students); GS 483, Math. 450 (3).; This course covers selected advanced topics in seismology. The main topics are: (1) wave propagation in heterogeneous material, or (2) advanced seismic source theory. The course level is appropriate for graduate students in geophysics and other related physical sciences.
GEOSCI 606. Tectonic Elements.: (For Graduate Students); Graduate standing. (4).; An advanced course in general tectonics.
GEOSCI 607. Tectonics � Advanced Topics.: (For Graduate Students); GS 515 and Graduate standing. (3).; Geology and geophysics of selected regions. Introductory lectures, discussions and weekly seminars are combined with student presentations on individual research projects (generally some aspect of a certain region).
GEOSCI 608. Advanced Isotopes.: (For Graduate Students); GS 580. Graduate standing. (3).; The course complements Geological Sciences 580 where the basic principles of stable and radiogenic isotope geochemistry are presented and is aimed at those students and staff who desire a more thorough treatment of theories and models and of isotopic systems not covered in the introductory course.
GEOSCI 622. Principles of Paleontology.: (For Graduate Students); GS 418 or 437, or Botany 456. Graduate standing. (3).; This is a lecture/seminar course that addresses advanced topics within paleontology. Readings are drawn from current literature on the chosen subject.
GEOSCI 650. Quaternary Stratigraphy.: (For Graduate Students); GS 448; Graduate standing. (3).; This course deals in depth with the geological foundations of stratigraphy fundamental to chronological and environmental reconstructions � from principles of stratigraphy through dating methods and paleoenvironmental techniques, especially those peculiar to Quaternary geology, geomorphology and archaeology, in various climatic zones and the ocean basins.
GEOSCI 663. Seismology: Advanced Topics.: (For Graduate Students); GS 483, Math. 450; Graduate standing. (3).; Elastic wave propagation in layered media, free oscillations, equations of state, source characteristics of earthquakes and explosions, earthquake prediction and advanced instrumentation. Emphasis varies from year to year.
GEOSCI 664. Gravitational and Magnetic Fields: Advanced Topics.: (For Graduate Students); GS 484, Math. 450, Phys. 405; Graduate standing. (3).; Satellite gravimetry and geodesy, the earth-moon system, solid earth tides, rock magnetism, potential field analysis, and electromagnetic theories of the origin of the magnetic field. Emphasis varies from year to year.
GEOSCI 709. Thesis Research-A.M., M.S.: (For Graduate Students); Graduate standing. (1-6). (INDEPENDENT).; The Master of Science degree in Geology or the Master of Science degree in Mineralogy. A thesis, a report on a research project, or a publishable scientific paper must be presented to and judged acceptable by two faculty members who form the Candidate's M.Sc. Committee. The chair of the Committee will be the faculty member under whose direction the work is done. The subject of the research project, scientific paper, or thesis, whichever the Candidate elects, must be chosen no later than the first week of the second term in residence. Four copies of the hardbound thesis (or the report or manuscript in lieu of thesis) must be presented to the Department Chair no later than the last day of classes of the term in which the degree is expected. Copies will be put on permanent reserve at the Science Library and in the Department. If the Candidate elects to submit a scientific paper, it will be read and judged acceptable for submission as a publication by his/her faculty committee.
GEOSCI 763. Heat and Mass Transfer in Geologic Environments.: (For Graduate Students); GS 484, Math. 450; Graduate standing. (3).; Transport Theory and its application to geologic phenomena such as movement of subsurface fluids, metamorphism, large scale tectonic processes, and mantle convection.
GEOSCI 764. Planetary Interiors.: (For Graduate Students); GS 663, 664; Graduate standing. (3).
GEOSCI 886. Quaternary Seminar.: (For Graduate Students); Two courses selected from the following: Pleistocene geology, quaternary paleoecology, prehistoric archaeology; graduate standing and permission of instructor. (2).
GEOSCI 929. Investigations in Geology and Mineralogy.: (For Graduate Students); Graduate standing and permission of instructor. (1-6). (INDEPENDENT).
GEOSCI 990. Dissertation/Precandidate.: (For Graduate Students); Election for dissertation work by doctoral student not yet admitted as a Candidate. Graduate standing. (1-8; 1-4 in the half-term). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for credit.; Election for dissertation work by doctoral student not yet admitted as a Candidate.
GEOSCI 995. Dissertation/Candidate.: (For Graduate Students); Graduate School authorization for admission as a doctoral Candidate. Graduate standing. (8; 4 in the half-term). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for credit.; Graduate School authorization for admission as a doctoral Candidate. N.B. The defense of the dissertation (the final oral examination) must be held under a full term Candidacy enrollment period.

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