96-97 LS&A Bulletin

English Language and Literature

7609 Haven Hall
764-6330
Professor Martha Vicinus, Chair
Professor John Kucich, Associate Chair
Assoc. Professor Kerry C. Larson, Graduate Chair
Associate Professor Stephen Sumida, Undergraduate Chair
Assoc. Professor Theresa Tinkle, Director, First and Second Yr. Studies

http://www.lsa.umich.edu/english/

May be elected as a departmental concentration program

Professors

Jonis Agee, Creative Writing
William F. Alexander, Film, Pedagogy, American Literature
Richard W. Bailey, Language, Composition
Charles Baxter, Creative Writing
George Bornstein, Modern Literature, 19th Century Literature
Enoch Brater, Drama
John Russell Brown, Drama, Theatre
Nicholas F. Delbanco, Creative Writing
Julie K. Ellison, American Literature
Daniel N. Fader, Pedagogy, Composition
Lincoln B. Faller, 18th Century Literature, Fiction
Alice Fulton, Creative Writing
Anne Gere, Composition, Pedagogy
Simon Gikandi, Critical Theory, Modern Literature
Laurence A. Goldstein, 19th-Century Literature, Creative Writing
Alan B. Howes, Pedagogy, 18th-Century Literature
William H. Ingram, Renaissance Literature
Ejner J. Jensen, Renaissance Literature
Lemuel A. Johnson, Modern Literature, Creative Writing
John R. Knott, Renaissance Literature
Ira Konigsberg, Fiction, Film, Critical Theory
John R. Kucich, 19th Century Literature, Critical Theory
Marjorie Levinson, Romantic and Victorian British Poetry, Critical Theory
Robert E. Lewis, Medieval Literature
Stuart Y. McDougal, Comparative Literature, Modern Literature
James McIntosh, American Literature
Leo F. McNamara, Medieval Literature, Irish Literature
Eric S. Rabkin, Critical Theory, Modern Literature, Computer Technology
Tobin Siebers, Critical Theory, 19th-Century Literature
Gaylyn Studlar, Film and Video, Genre, Critical Theory
Richard W. Tillinghast, Creative Writing
Martha J. Vicinus, 19th-Century Literature
Alan M. Wald, American Literature
Robert A. Weisbuch, American Literature, 19th-Century Literature
James B. White, Composition
Ralph G. Williams, Renaissance Literature, Critical Theory
James A. Winn, 18th-Century Literature

Associate Professors

Peter M. Bauland, Drama
Emily L. Cloyd, 18th-Century Literature
Richard D. Cureton, Language
Jonathan Freedman, Cultural Theory, Film, 19th-Century American and British Literature
Linda Gregerson, Renaissance Literature
Sandra Gunning, African-American Literature, American Literature
Anne Herrmann, Modern Literature
June Howard, American Literature
Kerry C. Larson, American Literature
Frances K. McSparran, Medieval Literature
Thylias Moss, Creative Writing
Steven Mullaney, Renaissance Literature
Anita Norich, 19th-Century Literature, Jewish American and Yiddish Literature
William Paul, Film, Comedy, Popular Culture and Drama
Adela Pinch, 19th-Century Literature
Suzanne Raitt, Modern Literature
Marlon Ross, 19th-Century Literature
Michael C. Schoenfeldt, Renaissance Literature
Macklin Smith, Medieval Literature
Stephen H. Sumida, Asian American Literature, American Literature
Karla Taylor, Medieval Literature
Theresa Tinkle, Medieval Literature
Thomas E. Toon, Language, Composition, Medieval Literature
Valerie Traab, Renaissance Literature
John Whittier-Ferguson, Modern Literature
John W. Wright, 19th-Century Literature, Creative Writing
Patsy Yaeger, Women's Studies, American Literature, Critical Theory

Assistant Professors

Elizabeth Barnes, Colonial and 19th-Century American Literature
Betty Louise Bell, Native American Literature
Rebecca Egger, Modern Literature and Film
Grant Farred, African and African Am.
Christopher Flint, 18th-Century British Fiction
John Gonzales, 19th-Century Lit, Chicana/Chicano Literature
Veronica Gregg, Caribbean and African-American Literature, Feminist Criticism
Andrea Henderson, Romanticism and 18th- and 19th-Century British Fiction
Aamir Mufti, Colonial and post-colonial Literature, Critical Theory
David Porter, 18th-Century Literature, Computer Technology
Yopie Prins, Victorian Literature
Sally Robinson, Contemporary Fiction and Feminist Theory
Jill Rosser, Creative Writing
P. A. Skantze, Drama
John O. Tanke, Medieval Literature
Rei Terada, Modern Poetry, African-American and Caribbean Literature, Critical Theory
Rafia Zafar, African-American Literature, American Literature

Visiting Professors

Katherine Flannery, Composition Theory
David Wayne Thomas, 19th-Century Literature, Critical Theory

Lecturers

Lillian Back, Composition
Susan Carlton, Composition Theory, Critical Theory
Tish O'Dowd, Creative Writing
Rosemary Kowalski, Composition, Film, American Literature
Jackie Livesay, Composition
John Rubadeau, Composition
Merla Wolk, Composition
Mary Zwiep, 20th-Century Literature

Adjunct Associate Professors

Gorman Beauchamp, Modern Literature

Adjunct Assistant Professor

Hilary Cohen, Theatre

Professors Emeriti John W. Aldridge, John Arthos, Sheridan Baker, Herbert Barrows, Joseph J. Blotner, Walter H. Clark, William Coles, Edmund H. Creeth, A. Stephen Dunning, Hubert M. English, Russell Fraser, Thomas J. Garbaty, Morris Greenhut, Donald Hill, Bert G. Hornback, Frank Huntley, Harold King, Robert T. Lenaghan, Lyall H. Powers, John Reidy, Warner G. Rice, Jay L. Robinson, William Steinhoff, Robert Super, Bernard Van't Hul.

The Department of English focuses primary attention on the analysis and enjoyment of works of imaginative literature. Drawing on the rich variety of texts produced over the last millennium and a half in diverse forms of English from every part of the globe, our courses aim at a subtle and flexible understanding of the content of these texts and a sensitive appreciation of their style and form.
The interests the Department addresses and the studies it sponsors, however, range far beyond the study of imaginative literature. Its courses offer instruction in writing, including exposition and creative writing, whether prose fiction, poetry, or drama. The English language itself, its history, structure, and diverse traditions of use, is the focus of yet other courses. Still others focus on literary theory, examining strategies of literary interpretation, evaluation, and appreciation and considering the ways in which literary texts relate to other forms of cultural representation.
One special feature of this English Department consists in the number of courses it offers jointly with other Programs in the College. Women's Studies, for example, the Center for Afro-American and African Studies, American Culture (Native American Studies, Latina/Latino Studies, Asian American Studies), Studies in Religion, Comparative Literature, and Film and Video Studies; the varieties of materials and the diverse background and interests of students involved in such courses present extraordinary opportunities for intellectual growth.
The present study of literature has returned with particular force and new point to a very old consideration - that language and literature are necessarily understood as social products and agents, deeply implicated in the processes and questions that interest and, at times, agitate society more generally. These issues as represented in texts - issues of ethics, of political order, of economic and ethnic difference, of gender, of systems of belief - recur as a regular feature of discussion in many of our courses.
The following paragraphs describe typical patterns of study in the Department and indicate the various ways in which a student can, with much opportunity for individual initiative, form a challenging and rewarding concentration within it.
Degree Program Options. The Department of English Language and Literature offers three main routes toward the concentration. (1) the General Program; (2) the Honors Program; and (3) the Creative Writing Program. Students electing any of these may work simultaneously toward a secondary school teaching certificate.
Prerequisites to Concentration. Students who wish to concentrate in English must elect as prerequisite to work in the major two courses, English 239 (What is Literature?) and English 240 (Introduction to Poetry).
The General Program. Students in the General Program must successfully complete 27 credits in English courses numbered 300 or above. These courses must include at a minimum: three courses on literature written primarily before 1830, at least one of which must be on literature written primarily before 1600; one course in American literature; and one course designated "New Traditions," focusing on the cultural traditions of women, minority ethnic groups, and people of color. The Department will offer in any one term a considerable range of courses designed to meet these requirements. A list of which courses meet a given requirement will be available each year in the English Undergraduate Office or from an English concentration advisor.
In fulfilling this general pattern, students are urged to elect a course in Shakespeare - English 367, for example, which fulfills one of the pre-l830 requirements. Concentrators should note that no more than one course in expository or creative writing may be counted toward the minimum 27 credits at the upper level required for the concentration, although students may elect any number of such courses, subject to availability of spaces and to College limits on total elections of courses in any one department. Also, no more than six upper-level credits of Independent Study may count towards the concentration. With written prior approval by an English concentration advisor, courses elected in other departments or programs may on occasion be used as part of a concentration plan.
Students considering the concentration in English should elect English 239 and English 240 during the sophomore year. Then, while fulfilling the concentration requirements, they may elect such a pattern of courses as will provide the course of study they find most helpful and satisfying. Some organize their study in terms of the "periods" of literary/cultural history, others by reference to major thematic concerns; still others explore repeatedly certain literary forms - the novel, drama, or lyric poetry, for example; others make a special study of film. Some concentrate on their own imaginative writing, whether drama, prose fiction, or verse. Please refer to the Handbook for English Concentrators for more information on how to design specific paths of study.
The Honors Program. Students interested in the Honors Program should consult with, and be admitted by the Honors program director. Prospective Honors students in English might best prepare for the program by taking, in their first two years, English 240 (Introduction to Poetry) and English 239 (What is Literature?). The Honors Program itself will consist of a set of two special seminars for Honors students, to be taken over the course of the junior and senior years, plus a seminar in critical theory, and a thesis. All students must fulfill the regular English concentration requirements and take the theory course, but may choose seminars from a menu of different courses offered by the department each term. Students should, however, strive for historical and methodological range in the seminars they elect. Students will also write a thesis on a literary subject of their own choice, with the help of a faculty advisor. Students who plan to study abroad may offer substitutions for various courses with the approval of the director of the program. The size of classes range from 25 to 35. Students admitted to the Department's subconcentration in Creative Writing are also eligible to apply for Honors on the basis of the manuscript they produce during their final term. They apply to the subconcentration in the second term of their junior year.
Students in both programs will normally be admitted at the end of March (in time for preregistration for the fall term), but some admission, will take place in September, November, and even January of the junior year.
The Creative Writing Subconcentration. Students interested in the departments offerings in creative writing should begin with English 223, an introduction to the reading and writing of modern poetry and prose (and, in some sections, drama) and to the workshop method of critiquing student writing. Successful completion of the introductory course entitles students to apply to the intermediate course, English 323, in the genre of their choice (poetry, fiction or a combination of artistic media). At the advanced level students may elect (with the instructors permission) the advanced fiction workshop (English 423) or the advanced poetry workshop (English 429).
English concentrators who wish to specialize in the writing of poetry or prose fiction may, in the winter term of their junior year, apply to the Creative Writing Subconcentration, which is an optional path to a Bachelor of Arts degree in English. Students in the program take the creative writing workshops described above in sequence, and, in their last term, compile a major manuscript of poetry or prose fiction while working closely with the creative-writing faculty in a tutorial reserved for subconcentrators (English 428).
The program is small and highly selective; however, students not enrolled in the subconcentration may still pursue their interest in creative writing by applying to the appropriate upper-level workshops. Those students who have earned at least a 3.5 GPA may apply for Creative Writing Honors after they have been accepted to the subconcentration. Honors will be awarded, as warranted, on the basis of the thesis.
Teaching Certificate. English concentrators in any of the programs above may also apply to be granted a teaching certificate. Students in the General Program must elect, in addition to the pattern of courses there prescribed, a course in composition (normally English 325) and a course in English language (normally English 305). Honors candidates must elect English 305 in addition to the courses required for their program.
The general requirements for a teaching certificate are described elsewhere in this Bulletin, and are available from the School of Education Office of Academic Services. A brochure summarizing these requirements is available in the English Office. Application to the certificate program itself must be made through the School of Education.
Junior-Senior Writing Requirement. Concentrators in English may fulfill this requirement by appropriate modification of any course in the College approved for this purpose. Within the Department, English 301, 302, 325, 329, 350, 351, 370, 371, and 417 are generally appropriate; in any given term, others may be. It is the responsibility of each student to modify the election appropriately at the time of registration. For those in the Honors and Creative Writing Programs, the writing requirement is met within their curriculum, which culminates in the supervised composition of the senior thesis.
Courses in Expository Writing. Courses in writing develop a student's sense of the various possible forms of expression. Writing practice, lectures, and class discussion are supplemented in these courses by regular meetings with the instructor. Sections of English 225, 325, and 425 are limited to 22 students. The first of these courses includes a great variety of writing projects while sections of the upper-level courses tend to be somewhat more specialized. English 301 and 302 are often used by concentrators in disciplines other than English to meet the junior-senior writing requirement. These courses are offered in a lecture format supplemented by individual consultation with course assistants.
Half-Term Information. It is difficult to anticipate the offerings for Spring/Summer terms. English 124, 125, 223, 225, 239, 240, 370, 371, 372, and 417 are frequently offered. Other courses are offered when they can be staffed, and when there is demand. Half-term courses normally carry one fewer credit than comparable courses offered during the Fall and Winter terms.
Repeating Courses for Credit. Some of the courses listed below are general titles under which varied topics may be offered. Such courses may be repeated for credit with departmental permission. Most of the courses available for re-election are signalled below. Students must obtain the proper approval form from the English Office, 7609 Haven Hall, and return it for approval within the first two weeks of class. If students should wish to elect one of these courses more than twice, or if they wish to elect again for credit a course not designated below as regularly available for re-election, they should consult with the Undergraduate Administrator, 7609 Haven Hall.
Advising. Students are encouraged to discuss their academic program and related concerns with an English concentration advisor. Appointments are scheduled through the main office in the English Dept. (764-6330). For questions of immediate concern or general questions about the concentration, students may speak with the Undergraduate Administrator on a walk-in or appointment basis by phoning 764-6330 or by coming to 7609 Haven Hall.
The Avery and Jule Hopwood Awards in Creative Writing. Under the terms of the will of Avery Hopwood, a member of the Class of 1905, the annual income from a generous endowment fund is distributed in prizes for creative work in four fields: dramatic writing, fiction, poetry, and the essay. Competition is open to qualified students enrolled in any school or college of the University. Entrants must, however, be enrolled in a designated writing course elected through the Department of English Language and Literature, Residential College, Department of Communication, or the Department of Theatre and Drama. For full information about the conditions of competition contact the Hopwood Program Associate, 1006 Angell Hall, 764-6296.
Student Organizations. English concentrators are encouraged to join the Undergraduate English Association (UEA). The group works closely with the Department in planning activities which serve to strengthen student affiliations with one another, the faculty, and the Department as a whole. Student representatives to the Undergraduate Curriculum Committee are elected from the membership of this group. Mass meetings are held within the first two weeks of each term. For further information contact the Undergraduate Office, located at 7609 Haven Hall until mid-September 1996. Offices will relocate to the 3rd Floor of Angell Hall.

Courses in English Language and Literature (Division 361)

124. College Writing: Writing and Literature. ECB writing assessment. (4). (Introductory Composition).

125. College Writing. ECB writing assessment. (4). (Introductory Composition).

140(126). First-Year Literary Seminar. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU).

217. Literature Seminar. Completion of the Introductory Composition requirement. (3). (HU).

220. Intensive Writing. ECB Writing Assessment; open to junior and senior transfer students only. (2). (Introductory Composition). May be repeated for a total of four credits.

223. Creative Writing. Completion of the Introductory Composition requirement. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU). May not be repeated for credit.

224. The Uses of Language. Completion of the Introductory Composition requirement. (4). (HU).

225. Argumentative Writing. Completion of the Introductory Composition requirement. (4; 3 in the half-term). (HU).

226. Directed Writing. Permission of instructor. (1-3). (Excl). (INDEPENDENT). May be elected for a total of 3 credits.

227. Introductory Playwriting. (3). (HU).

230. Introduction to Short Story and Novel. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU).

239. What is Literature? Prerequisite for concentrators in the Regular Program and in Honors. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU).

240. Introduction to Poetry. Prerequisite for concentrators in the Regular Program and in Honors. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU).

245/RC Hums. 280/Theatre 211. Introduction to Drama and Theatre. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in RC Hums. 281. (4). (HU).

267(326). Introduction to Shakespeare. Completion of Introductory Composition. (4; 3 in the half-term). (HU).

270. Introduction to American Literature. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU).

274/CAAS 274. Introduction to Afro-American Literature. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU).

280. Thematic Approaches to Literature. (3). (HU). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

285. Introduction to Twentieth-Century Literature. (3). (HU).

299. Directed Study. Permission of instructor. (1-3). (Excl). (INDEPENDENT). May be elected for a total of 3 credits.

Primarily for Juniors and Seniors

301. The Power of Words. (4; 3 in the half-term). (Excl).

305. Introduction to Modern English. Recommended for students preparing to teach English. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU).

308. History of the English Language. (3). (HU).

309. American English. (3). (HU).

310. Discourse and Society. English 124 or 125. (3). (Excl).

313. Topics in Literary Studies. (4). (HU). May be repeated for a total of 8 credits.

315/WS 315. Women and Literature. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU). May be repeated for a total of 6 credits.

316. Intellectual Problems in Literature. (3). (HU). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

317. Literature and Culture. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

318. Literary Types. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

319. Literature and Social Change. (3). (HU). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

320/CAAS 338. Literature in Afro-American Culture. (3). (HU).

323. Creative Writing. English 223, junior standing, and written permission of instructor. (3; 2 in the half-term). (Excl). May be repeated for a total of 6 credits.

324. Creative Writing. Junior standing and written permission of instructor. (3). (Excl). May be repeated for credit.

325. Essay Writing: The Art of Exposition. (4; 3 in the half-term). (Excl).

329. Practical English. (4). (Excl).

340. Reading and Writing Poetry. (3). (Excl).

350. Literature in English to 1660. (4; 3 in the half-term). (Excl).

351. Literature in English after 1660. (4). (Excl).

367. Shakespeare's Principal Plays. (4; 3 in the half-term). (HU).

368. Shakespeare's Principal Plays, II. II. (4). (HU).

370. Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature. (4; 3 in the half-term). (Excl). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

371. Studies in Literature, 1600-1830. (4; 3 in the half-term). (Excl). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

372. Studies in Literature, 1830-Present. (4; 3 in the half-term). (Excl). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

381/Amer. Cult. 324. Asian American Literature. (3). (HU). May be repeated for a total of six credits with department permission.

382/Amer. Cult. 328. Native American Literature. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU). May be repeated for a total of six credits with department permission.

383. Topics in Jewish Literature. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU). May be repeated for a total of six credits with department permission.

384/CAAS 384/Amer. Cult. 406. Topics in Caribbean Literature. (3). (Excl). May be repeated for a total of six credits with department permission.

385/CAAS 385. Topics in African Literature. (3). (HU). May be repeated for a total of six credits with department permission.

386. Irish Literature. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU). May be repeated for a total of six credits with department permission.

387/Amer. Cult. 327. Latino/Latina Literature of the U.S. (3). (HU).

391. Honors Survey: Medieval English Literature. Admission to the English Honors Program. (3). (Excl).

392. Honors Survey: Renaissance English Literature. Admission to the English Honors Program. (3). (Excl).

393. Honors Survey: Eighteenth-Century English Literature. Admission to the English Honors Program. (3). (Excl).

394. Honors Survey: History of Literary Theory. Admission to the English Honors Program. (3). (Excl).

401/Rel. 481. The English Bible: Its Literary Aspects and Influences, I. (4). (HU).

406/Ling. 406. Modern English Grammar. (3). (Excl).

407. Topics in Language and Literature. (3). (Excl). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

411. Art of the Film. (3). (HU). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

412/Film-Video 412. Major Directors. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU). May be repeated for a total of nine credits with department permission.

413/Film-Video 413. Film Genres and Types. (3; 2 in the half-term). (HU). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

415. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Literature. (3). (Excl). May be repeated for a total of 6 credits.

416/Hist. 487/WS 416. Women in Victorian England. (3; 2 in the half-term). (Excl).

417. Senior Seminar. Senior concentrator in English. May not be repeated for credit. (4; 3 in the half-term). (Excl).

423. The Writing of Fiction. Open to seniors and graduate students; written permission of the instructor is required. (3). (Excl). May be repeated for credit.

425. Advanced Essay Writing. Open only to seniors and graduate students. (3). (Excl).

426. Directed Writing. Junior standing and permission of instructor. (1-4). (Excl). (INDEPENDENT). May be elected for a total of 6 credits.

427. Playwriting. Permission of instructor. (3). (Excl). May be repeated for credit.

428. Senior Writing Tutorial. English 223, 323, and 423/429 or equivalent. (3). (Excl).

429. The Writing of Poetry. Written permission of instructor is required. (3). (Excl). May be repeated for credit.

430. The Rise of the Novel. (4). (Excl).

431. The English Novel from Dickens to Conrad. (4). (Excl).

432. The American Novel. (4). (Excl).

433. The Modern Novel. (4). (Excl).

434. The Contemporary Novel. (4; 3 in the half-term). (Excl).

440. Modern Poetry. (3). (Excl).

441. Contemporary Poetry. (3). (Excl).

442. History of Poetry. (3). (Excl).

443/Theatre 321. History of Theatre I. (3). (HU).

444/Theatre 322. History of Theatre II. (3). (HU).

445. Shakespeare's Rivals. (3). (Excl).

446. World Drama: Congreve to Ibsen. (3). (Excl).

447. Modern Drama. (3; 2 in the half-term). (Excl).

448. Contemporary Drama. (3). (Excl).

449/Theatre 423. American Theatre and Drama. (3). (HU).

450. Medieval Drama. (3). (Excl).

455/MARC 455. Medieval English Literature. (3). (HU).

457/MARC 457. Renaissance English Literature. (3). (HU).

459. English Neoclassical Literature. (3). (Excl).

461. English Romantic Literature. (3). (Excl).

462. Victorian Literature. (3). (Excl).

463. Modern British Literature. (3). (Excl).

465/MARC 465. Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales. (3). (Excl).

467. Topics in Shakespeare. Prior course work in Shakespeare is recommended. (3). (Excl). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

469. Milton. (3). (Excl).

470. Early American Literature: Key Texts. (3). (Excl).

471. Nineteenth-Century American Literature: Key Texts. (3). (Excl).

472. Twentieth-Century American Literature: Key Texts. (3). (Excl).

473. Topics in American Literature. (3). (Excl). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

477/CAAS 475. Early Afro-American Literature. (3). (Excl).

478/CAAS 476. Contemporary Afro-American Literature. (3). (Excl).

479/CAAS 489. Topics in Afro-American Literature. English 274 and/or 320 strongly recommended. (3; 2 in the half-term). (Excl). May be repeated for a total of 6 credits.

482. Studies in Individual Authors. (3). (Excl). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

483. Great Works of Literature. (1). (HU). May be repeated for credit with department permission.

484. Issues in Criticism. (3). (Excl).

486. History of Criticism. (3). (Excl).

489/Education 440. Teaching of English. See School of Education Bulletin. (3). (Excl).

490. Reading, Writing and Criticism in the Teaching of English. Concurrent election of English 491/Educ. D491 and English 305. (7). (Excl).

491/Educ. D491. Teaching of English: Methods and Practicum. Concurrent election of English 305 and 490. (5). (Excl).

493. Honors Survey: Nineteenth-Century English Poetry. Admission to the English Honors Program. (3). (Excl).

494. Honors Survey: Nineteenth-Century English Fiction. Admission to the English Honors Program. (3). (Excl).

495. Honors Survey: The Twentieth Century. Admission to the English Honors Program. (3). (Excl).

496. Honors Colloquium: Drafting the Thesis. Admission to the English Honors Program. (3). (Excl).

497. Honors Seminar. Junior or senior standing and permission of instructor. (3). (Excl). May be repeated for a total of 9 credits.

498. Directed Teaching. Permission of the instructor. (3). (Excl). (INDEPENDENT).

499. Directed Study. Junior standing; and permission of instructor. Not open to graduate students. (1-4). (Excl). (INDEPENDENT). May be elected for a total of 6 credits.