Courses in Biology (Division 328)

100. Biology for Nonscientists. Not open to those with Advanced Placement or "Departmental" credit in biology, nor to those concentrating in the biological sciences. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (4). (NS). (BS).
An introduction to science through a study of biology. This course presents basic biological concepts, illustrates how biological knowledge is acquired and interpreted, and shows how such knowledge is relevant to personal, social, economic, environmental, and philosophical problems. Lectures, discussion, and demonstrations.

101. Biology and Human Affairs. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (4). (NS). (BS).
An introduction to those aspects of biology that have direct applicability to the lives of people in today's world. The course is designed to complement Biology 100 for nonscience majors and emphasizes elementary aspects of the functioning of biological systems, especially as they relate to human life and human affairs. The direct relevance of each topic is the focus of the course. Detailed descriptions of classic experiments are avoided, emphasizing instead a pragmatic explanation of the essential features of each subject. The resulting intuitive understanding of each subject is then utilized to analyze how that knowledge is being applied and how it potentially may be applied. The course includes an analysis of the nature of the scientific method in biology both historically and as currently applied. Lecture and discussion. (A distribution level course for nonscience majors. Biology 101 can be elected as a single course or in combination with Biology 100 to form a sequence in natural science.)

102. Practical Botany. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (4). (NS). (BS). Laboratory fee ($50) required.
The botanical principles and methods involved in the propagation, cultivation, and breeding of plants and their protection against disease. The laboratories are conducted in a specially designed facility at the Botanical Gardens where students raise their own plants. Bus service is provided. Lecture and laboratory.

104/RC Nat. Sci. 104. Introduction to the Natural Sciences. First- or second-year standing; written application to the Biological Station. Does not meet prerequisites for any of the biology concentration programs. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (NS). (BS).
An introduction to natural science designed specifically for non-science concentrators. The course is taught at the Biological Station.

107. Evolution of Life. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (4). (NS). (BS).
Provides an introduction to biological evolution. We consider: (1) the evidence for evolution; (20 an overview of the evolution of cells, organisms, and viruses; (3) evolutionary themes of natural selection, chance, and cooperation; and (4) the consequences of an evolutionary world view for understanding disease, biological diversity, and human culture.

108. Introduction to Animal Diversity. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (4). (NS). (BS).
This course introduces students to the diversity of animal life. Topics include the diversity of major groups of animals and a synopsis of their evolutionary history, their ecological context, and important issues concerning conservation or biodiversity raised or exemplified by the group.

110/AOSS 171/UC 110/NR&E 110. Introduction to Global Change I. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (4). (NS). (BS).
The course considers the evolution of the universe, the earth and its environments, and the evolution of living organisms. Consideration is given to fundamental processes by which organisms grow and reproduce, how they interact with their environments, and the distribution to major groups of organisms on earth.

116. Biology of Sex. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (3). (NS). (BS).
Sex is not universally used by living organisms for reproduction. When and how it evolved, and the various mechanisms in which it operates is a primary concern for most biological disciplines. The course covers the origins, mechanisms and implication sexuality has for biodiversity. The human aspects of sexual biology are examined in terms of how we fit into the concepts.

120. First Year Seminar in Biology. Only first-year students, including those with sophomore standing, may pre-register for First-Year Seminars. All others need permission of instructor. (3). (NS). (BS).
Small-group classes taught by regular and emeritus faculty.

124. Cells, Cancer, and Society. Not open to biology concentrators. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 224. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (3). (NS). (BS).
This course introduces non-science students to the principles of cancer biology. The class first covers basic topics in cell biology that are needed before one can study cancer and then applies this information tot he study of cancer biology and to social issues such as the regulation of environmental carcinogens.

130. Animal Behavior. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (3). (NS). (BS).
Lectures and films on animal behavior and its adaptive significance. Intended mainly for nonspecialists. Emphasis is placed on the social behavior of birds and mammals in their natural environments.

140. Genetics and Society. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (4). (NS). (BS).
This course is designed to provide students with a basic knowledge of genetics required to intelligently assess and understand the latest developments in genetics, as well as to appreciate some of the genetics. Topics covered: genetics; race and IQ; forensic applications of genetic fingerprinting; gene therapy; recombinant DNA technology and possible environmental concerns; human genome project.

150. Introductory Biology Workshop. Concurrent enrollment in Biol. 152, 154, or 195. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (1). (Excl). Offered mandatory credit/no credit.
Small groups of students meet weekly with a faculty member for discussion of topics such as biological issues in the news, critical evaluation of scientific papers, history of biological ideas, ethical issues in science, and faculty research. Student participation involves class discussion, short reading and writing assignments, and visits to laboratory, library and museum facilities.

152. Introduction to Biology: Term A. Chem. 130, or Chem. 210 placement. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 195. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (4). (NS). (BS). Laboratory fee ($32) required.
The sequence Biology 152-154 comprises a survey of biological concepts ranging from the molecular to the population level, viewed as an integrated whole in which the interdependence of biological sub-disciplines is of major importance. Lectures, laboratory, and discussion. The aims of 152-154 are to provide factual and conceptual knowledge, to afford experience in obtaining and interpreting biological hypotheses, to give an integrated overview of modern biology, and to develop thinking and writing skills. Topics in Biology 152 are divided among four areas: (1)cellular and molecular biology, (b) genetics, (c) evolution, and (d) ecology. Students electing this course should have a functional knowledge of basic chemistry. Students seeking a comprehensive one-term treatment of biology should consider Biology 195.

153. Introductory Biology Honors: Term A. Prior or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 152 and admission to the College Honors Program. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (1). (Excl). (BS).
The scientific method is the basis for scientific inquiry in biology. This course is intended to introduce the scientific method to Honors students who are concurrently enrolled in Biology 152. Discussions focus on classical papers and current social issues in the areas of biology covered in Biology 152. Weekly reading assignments provide the basis for discussion. Students are requested to submit several short summaries and one term paper, and are expected to participate in the weekly discussions.

154. Introduction to Biology: Term B. Biol. 152. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in 195. Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (4). (NS). (BS). Laboratory fee ($32) required.
Continuation of Biology 152. Topics include (a) plant biology, (b) development, (c) animal structure and function, and (d) animal behavior.

195. Introduction to Biology. Three science or mathematics courses, including Chem. 130. Biol. 195 may be substituted wherever Biol. 152-154 (or the equivalent) is a prerequisite. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 152-154 (or the equivalent). Credit is granted for a combined total of 12 credits elected in introductory biology. (6). (NS). (BS). Laboratory fee ($45) required.
A one-term, fast-paced alternative to the two-term introductory sequence Biology 152-154. For students planning to concentrate in biology, botany, or other programs in science. Basic concepts in molecular, cellular, organismal, and population biology are presented with laboratory in which there are opportunities for independent experimentation. Small group discussions, independent reading, few course-wide lectures, and frequent examinations characterize the instructional style. Examinations are direct recall and short essay. Reading, writing and verbal skills play important roles in this course; students who are weak in these skills or who are not motivated to rapid, self-disciplined study habits are advised against taking this course.

200. Undergraduate Tutorial. Permission of faculty member in biology. (2). (Excl). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of six credits.
This course is intended for sophomores learning research and laboratory techniques, working under close supervision of a faculty member. It may also be used for directed readings at an appropriate level. It includes reading on a significant topic and regular consultation with the faculty member chosen to supervise the work. The required paper could be on the scientific literature in a broad field, on biological issues on which the student may want to do continuing work, or on the detailed results of research in a biological specialty. Conferences, seminars, readings, and assigned writings are used to develop critical perspectives on modern biological problems and to provide breadth and sense of historical continuity in biological thought.

201. Introduction to Research in the Life Sciences. Grade of B+ or better in Biology 152 or 154. (1). (Excl).
Weekly presentations led by biology or other life science faculty, providing an opportunity to learn about work being conducted by potential faculty mentors for undergraduate Honors research projects.

202. Topics in Biology. Biology 152 and 154, or 195. (3). (Excl). (BS). May be repeated for a total of six credits.
Designed to acquaint students with a specialized area of biology that is not a usual part of the Biology department curriculum.

207. Introductory Microbiology. Biol. 152. (4). (NS). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.
Lectures trace the history of microbiology, microbial growth and metabolism, microbial diversity, and the importance of microbes in the environment, industry, and medicine. Laboratory sessions introduce microscopy, aseptic technique, staining, and the isolation, culture and identification of microbes from the local environment.

209. Introductory Plant Physiology Lectures. Biol. 152-154 or 195; college physics recommended. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Principles of physiology in green plants, including photosynthesis, cellular metabolism, water balance, translocation, mineral nutrition, growth, and development.

210. Plant Physiology Laboratory. Prior or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 209. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($65) required.
Laboratory exercises on the topics covered in Biology 209.

215. Spring Flora of Michigan. Biol. 152, 195, or 102. (NS). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.
Field-oriented course in which students learn to identify native and introduced plants using field guides and taxonomic keys. Lectures cover plant form, plant families, ethnobotany, and basic plant terminology. Lab/field trips allow hands-on practice in identifying flowering plant families and selected non-flowering groups.

222. From Message to Mind: An Introduction to Neurobiology. Biol. 152-154 or 195. (3). (Excl). (BS).
An introduction to molecular, cellular, and systems-level neurobiology. Students learn the fundamentals of bioelectricity and its origins, intercellular communication, and the structural interrelations between cells that produce the nervous system. Simple behaviors, and their neural basis, are also treated.

224. Biology of Cancer. Biol. 152. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 124. (3). (NS). (BS).
Three hours of lecture-discussion per week covering three main questions: What is cancer? What causes cancer? Can cancer be prevented or cured? Students dismissed for two weeks to research and write a critical article on an aspect of cancer research.

252. Chordate Anatomy and Phylogeny. Biol. 152-154 or 195. (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($60) required.
Lectures and laboratory on the use of pattern analysis in deducing phylogenetic relationships among chordates. The lecture emphasizes the general theory of pattern analysis and an overview of the relationships among the major groups of chordates based on their anatomy. The laboratory is concerned with original observation through dissection of several representative chordates. These observations are used to test current hypotheses of relationship.

255. Plant Biology: An Organismic Approach. (5). (NS). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($60) required.
The biology of plants as organisms emphasizing individuals, populations, and communities. The course treats the evolution and adaptations of the groups of plants, introducing principles of plant morphology, systematics, ecology, geography, and ethnobotany. The laboratory includes a study of plant diversity (bacteria through flowering plants), culture work, and field trips.

275. Introduction to Plant Development. Biol. 154 or 195. (4). (NS). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.
An integrated structural and functional approach to plant development. The cell biology and cellular mechanics of plant growth, organogenesis, and differentiation, with emphasis on controls, particularly hormonal and environmental. Lectures, discussion, and laboratory.

281. General Ecology. Biol. 152 and 154 and a laboratory course in chemistry. (3). (NS). (BS).
The course introduces the basic concepts and principles of ecology as applied to the study of individuals, populations, and communities of both plants and animals.

282. General Ecology Laboratory. Biol. 152 and 154, a laboratory course in chemistry, and concurrent or prior enrollment in Biol. 281. (3). (Excl). (BS).
This laboratory course introduces the basic concepts and methods used in ecological research. The laboratories consist of both field and laboratory research projects, field trips, computer simulations, and an independent research project that is designed by each student.

300. Undergraduate Research. Eight credits of biology and 3.0 grade point average in science; permission of faculty member in biology. (1-3). (Excl). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of 9 credits.
Intended primarily for juniors, including Honors students, who wish to pursue independent research or study at an intermediate level in an area of biological science. The student may ask an appropriate faculty member in the Department of Biology to direct the research project and supervise related readings. The project may take the form of an investigation of new problems in the field or laboratory, a detailed investigation of primary sources (a literature survey), development of new procedures or programs, design of a classroom experiment, etc. A final paper is required and must be approved by the research advisor.

301. Writing for Biologists. Biol. 152-154 or 195, and English 125. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Lectures on such topics as scientific thinking; the experimental approach to framing and answering questions; kinds of scientific writing; resources available to biologists; review of style, with emphasis on problems that recur in the writing of biologists; how to write review papers and reports of experimental results; the process of publication, including review and editing. Short assignments executed in workshops, longer assignments discussed in tutorials, revisions in response to criticism.

302. Teaching Experience for Undergraduates. Permission of instructor. (1-3). (Excl). May not be included in any of the Biological Sciences concentration programs. (EXPERIENTIAL).
Undergraduates participating in this course are responsible for (1) aiding regularly assigned Teaching Assistants; (2) providing tutorial help for undergraduates enrolled in the course; (3) meeting regularly with discussion and laboratory sessions; and (4) participating with Teaching Assistants in instructional activities.

305. Genetics. Biol. 152 or 195. Prior or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415, or Chem. 451. (4). (Excl). (BS).
An introduction to the fundamentals of genetics with demonstrations of principles and materials used in genetic studies.

306. Introductory Genetics Laboratory. Prior or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 305. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.
Laboratory exercises designed to complement material covered in Biol. 305 (Genetics). Experiments with Drosophila, fungi, bacteria and bacteriophage provide experience with basic genetic techniques and illustrate fundamental principles of classical and microbial genetics.

307. Developmental Biology. Biol. 305. (3). (Excl). (BS).
An introduction to the principles of developmental biology, based on new discoveries in molecular and cellular biology and their relationship to classical observations on developing systems. Various aspects of both vertebrate and invertebrate development, with emphasis on the integration of cellular and morphological observation with underlying molecular mechanisms.

308. Developmental Biology Laboratory. Prior or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 307. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($45) required.
An opportunity to observe the development of a number of live vertebrate and invertebrate embryos. In addition to observation of normal embryogenesis, students perform several experiments dealing with developmental regulatory mechanisms. Topics include meiosis, fertilization, cytoplasmic determinants, sex determination, enzyme synthesis, metamorphosis, and regeneration. Students are expected to spend about three hours in the laboratory each week at odd hours in addition to the scheduled sessions.

310. Introductory Biochemistry. Biol. 152 or 195; and organic chemistry. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 311, Biol. Chem. 415, or Chem 451. (4). (Excl). (BS).
A general introduction to biochemistry designed to furnish basic information related to the chemical organization and interactions within cells.

311. Introductory Biochemistry. Biol. 152 or 195; and organic chemistry. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 310, Biol. Chem. 415, or Chem 451. (4). (Excl). (BS).
A general introduction to biochemistry designed to furnish basic information related to the chemical organization and interactions within cells. Topics covered include amino acid structure, protein structure and function, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, intermediary metabolism, and an introduction to the molecular biology of proteins and nucleic acids. This course is taught by the Keller Plan, a self-paced, individualized system of instruction.

318. Project Laboratory in Microbiology and Genetics. Biol. 305 or Biol. 206, and permission of instructor. (10). (Excl). (BS).
A research experience in the genetics of bacteria, yeast, or bacterial viruses beginning with a standard methods-laboratory, compressed into three weeks and ending with a research proposal. The remaining thirteen weeks are used to carry out the research proposal under the supervision of the professor, instructor, and teaching assistants.

320. Cellular Physiology. Biol. 152-154 or 195; Chem. 215. Not open to students who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 427 or 428. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Lectures provide an introductory survey of the experimental analysis of cell function, with emphasis on energy transformation, metabolism, permeability and transport, excitability, growth, and cell division.

325. Principles of Animal Physiology: Lecture. Biol. 152-154 or 195, and a year of chemistry. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. 420. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Lectures concerned with mechanisms by which animals function. Emphasis on physiology of the whole animal, including consideration of functional systems (e.g., digestion, circulation, etc.)

326. Animal Physiology Laboratory. Concurrent enrollment in Biol. 325. Students who have taken or intend at a later date to take Biol. 325 will not be admitted to Biol. 326 without special permission. (2). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.
These laboratory exercises deal (usually concurrently) with topics covered in the lecture. The laboratory meets for one four-hour session a week. Students working in small groups present material for each exercise, collate class data and perform analyses. A full-length lab report and oral presentation are required.

330. Biology of Birds. Two collegiate courses in biology. (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.
An introduction to ornithology with emphasis on field identification of the birds of northern Michigan. Field trips are taken to a variety of habitats in the region. Labs include classification, morphology, and identification of study specimens. Lectures cover a variety of topics on the evolution, physiology, behavior, and ecology of birds. Each student designs and conducts an original field investigation.

341. Parasitology. Biol. 152-154 or 195. (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($30) required.
An introduction to the study of parasitism, with special reference to the evolution of the parasitic habit. Lecture and laboratory.

355/NR&E 337. Woody Plants I: Biology and Identification. Biol. 152 or 195. (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($45) required.
The identification of trees, shrubs, and vines is the basis for the study of their biology and ecology. Woody plants are studied in their natural habitats and communities. Non-native species and ornamental plants are taught in Nichols Arboretum, Main Campus, and Saginaw Forest. An introduction to the biology and ecology of woody plants is given in lectures. Topics include vegetative and reproductive morphology, fruit types, life history, forest ecology, variation, systematics, conifers, and winter identification. Also discussed are important trees of southern and western U.S., of Europe and the Tropics.

380. Oceanography: Marine Ecology. Biol. 152-154 or 195, and at least one term of college chemistry or physics. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Marine ecology is the branch of biological oceanography that applies ecological principles to the study of marine life. Lectures cover the interrelationships of marine organisms and their environment. Organisms and communities from the following habitats are discussed: estuaries, the rocky intertidal zone, coral reefs, the coastal zone, the deep-sea and the open ocean. The course treats the ecology of marine organisms as different as bacteria and whales.

381. General Ecology. Biol. 152-154 or 195; and a laboratory course in chemistry. (6). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($50) required.
Fundamental concepts and principles of ecology of both plants and animals applied to the study of individual organisms, populations, and communities. Field and laboratory work emphasizes the collection and analysis of basic data. A formal introduction to the discipline of ecology and suitable as a prerequisite for intermediate and advanced courses in the subject. Lectures, discussion, and laboratory.

382. Introduction to Field Research and Analytic Skills. Biol. 152-154; and participation in the Comprehensive Studies Program. (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.
This course introduces students to the methods, theories, and approaches used by biologists to observe, analyze, and interpret how organisms function in their natural environment. Students become familiar with the major groups of living organisms present at the Biological Station, gain knowledge of the biological problems available for study in the field and a working familiarity with the observational, analytic, and systematic scientific skills used to approach them.

390. Evolution. Biol. 152-154. (4). (Excl). (BS).
Covers the fundamentals of evolutionary biology from a neontological perspective. It includes a historical survey of the development of evolutionary theory from ancient philosophers to the present, and critical examination of the principles of phylogenetic systematics, natural selection, population genetics, microevolution, biogeography, and macroevolution. Discussions focus on primary literature and demonstrations. If taken at the Biological Station, extensive field work is included.

400. Advanced Research. 12 credits of biology, 3.0 average in science, and permission of faculty member in biology. (1-3). (Excl). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of 9 credits.
Intended for those engaged in original research at an advanced level. This course number is most frequently elected by senior Honors students who have completed Biology 300 and who are completing their research and writing their thesis. A final paper is required. (Refer to the description of Biology 300 for more information.)

401. Advanced Topics in Biology. Intended for senior concentrators. (3). (Excl). (BS). May be repeated for a total of six credits.
This course is designed to acquaint students with a specialized area of Biology that is not a usual part of the Biology Department curriculum. Topics vary from term to term and are listed in the Time Schedule.

402. Enhancement Workshop for Science Teachers. Two college level courses in biology. Enrollment in ASSIST Program at Biological Station. (Excl). (BS).
Format maximizes firsthand experience with new techniques of biology teaching. Lectures, demonstrations of techniques, and experience in problem solving are applied to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The Workshop also provides professional development in peer-coaching, mentor-teaching, use of computers, photography, and video technology. Specific topics include hypothesis testing, experimental design, data synthesis, and communication of results.

404. Genetics, Development, and Evolution. Biol. 305 or 390. (3). (Excl). (BS).
This course considers evolutionary and developmental biology from the perspective of genetics. Comparative, experimental, systematic, and quantitative methods are all considered as students learn how to study biological evolution using modern molecular approaches.

405. Molecular Basis of Development. Biol. 152-154 and 305. A course in molecular and developmental biology is helpful but not required. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Addresses the basic question of how asymmetry and diversity is generated during development of an organism. The emphasis is on molecular-genetic aspects of developmental patterns.

406. Molecular Genetics of Plant Development. Biochemistry (Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415), and Genetics (Biol. 305). (3). (Excl). (BS).
Focuses on the molecular basis of development in plants. Discusses the genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling embryogenesis, pattern formation, meristem activity, organ formation, cell differentiation, and responses to the environment.

411. Protein Structure and Function. Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. (3). (Excl). (BS).
This course is a practical hands-on approach to extract information about a protein sequence by using protein sequence analysis tools available on the web. Students also identify 3D protein structural motifs, discuss how they are related to the proteins' functions and discuss how proteins fold.

412. Teaching Biochemistry by the Keller Plan. Biol. 311 and permission of instructor. (3). (Excl). This is a graded course. May not be included in any of the Biological Sciences concentration programs. (EXPERIENTIAL).
This course is open only to students who concurrently hold proctorships in Biology 311. Each proctor participates as a tutor with individual students in Biology 311 for several hours each week and attends one weekly meeting with the instructor.

413. Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory. Biol. 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415; and Biol. 305. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.
The laboratory exercises in this course include: handling of plasmid DNA, designed to introduce students to DNA isolation, restriction enzymes, and ligation; isolation of plant DNA and RNA; localization of plant genes by Southern blot hybridization; expression of a plant protein in a bacteria; and isolation and analysis of plant secondary metabolites.

415. Plant Constituents and Their Functions. Biol. 154 or 195 and one term of organic chemistry. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Lectures surveying the major secondary compounds in plants, their functions in plants, and their effects on animals. The compounds, which are grouped primarily according to a functional rather than structural basis, include: pigments, fragrances, hormones, allelopathic agents, toxins (including mycotoxins and carcinogens), medical compounds, hallucinogens, plant defenses against pathogens, and others. They are considered in terms of their value to plants, their mode of action, and their evolution or potential use as phyletic markers.

418. Endocrinology. Biol. 152-154 or 195; organic chemistry. (3). (Excl). (BS).
A comparative study of animal endocrine functions, especially the evolution of endocrine controls, cellular origin of hormones, their physiological actions in organisms, and the biochemical mechanisms of hormone action. Although the emphasis is on the endocrine system of vertebrates, the endocrine systems of invertebrates are also discussed.

422/Anatomy 422. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. Biol. 152-154 or 195, one year of physics, prior or concurrent enrollment in biochemistry. (3). (Excl). (BS).
This course deals primarily with the properties of individual nerve cells and small groups of nerve cells. This provides the basis for understanding the processing of information by the nervous system, the mechanisms underlying learning and memory, and the biological basis of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Topics covered include the cell biology of neurons and glia, the generation of electrical potentials, the transmission of information between cells, and the cellular basis of simple forms of learning. Considerable emphasis is placed on understanding the molecules that endow the nervous system with these properties. In combination with Biology 425 this course represents a comprehensive introduction to neuroscience.

423. Introduction to Research in Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. Concurrent enrollment in Biol. 422; or completion of Biol. 222 or 422, and permission of instructor. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.
This course provides an introduction to state-of-the-art research approaches in cellular and molecular neurobiology. The course is divided into three modules: electrophysiological methods, anatomical methods, and molecular biological methods.

425/Anatomy 425. Systems Neurobiology. Biol. 222, 325, or 422. (3). (Excl). (BS).
This course deals primarily with the properties of assemblies of neurons. Particular emphasis is placed on the processing of information by sensory systems, on the production of controlled behavior by motor systems and on the way that neuronal circuits are assembled during development. Examples are drawn from a wide variety of types of animals.

426. Molecular Endocrinology. Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415; and Biol 325 or 418. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Introduces students to the latest advances in our understanding of how hormones work at the molecular and cellular level in vertebrate systems, including humans. Topics covered include: gene structure, expression, regulation, and cellular actions of various hormones.

427. Molecular Biology. Biol. 305; and Biol. 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. (4). (Excl). (BS).
Lectures and discussions are concerned with the following topics: the physical methods used in molecular biology; structure and coding capacity of DNA chromosomes; DNA replication; transcription, protein synthesis; prokaryotic and eukaryotic regulation; molecular aspects of development; transposable elements and genetic engineering.

428. Cell Biology. Biol. 305; and Biol. 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. Students with credit for Biol. 320 must obtain permission of instructor. (4). (Excl). (BS).
The following topics are included: methods for handling relevant organisms; general properties of membranes; secretion, endocytosis, and related processes; functions and biogenesis of cell walls, of mitochondria, or chloroplasts; cellular organization of energy metabolism in prokaryotes; cytoskeleton and cell motility; structural organization and functional consequences of nuclei and nucleoids; cell cycle and its regulation; cellular aspects of differentiation and development; functions of specialized cell types.

429. Laboratory in Cell and Molecular Biology. Biol. 427 or 428, or concurrent enrollment in Biol. 428. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in Biol. Chem. 416 or 516. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.
Laboratory work designed to illustrate selected aspects of subcellular physiology and to provide experience with contemporary tools and techniques.

430(515). Molecular Biology of Plants. Biol. 305; and 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. (3). (Excl). (BS).
The basic aspects of molecular genetic/biochemistry as they pertain to plants. Genome and gene structure and expression, processes of protein synthesis and localization, and the interaction of these macromolecules within and between cells.

433. Ornithology. Introductory biology. (4). (Excl). (BS).
Introduction to the biology of birds. Lectures on behavior, migration, breeding biology, population ecology, and relationships. Laboratory and field work on identification of local birds and their behavior and ecology.

436(336). Introductory Immunology. Biol. 305 and biochemistry (Biol. 310, 311, or Biol. Chem. 415). (3). (Excl). (BS).
Detailed study of the organs, cells, and molecules that constitute the human immune system; cellular interactions involved in initiating and mediating an immune response; role of the immune system in organ transplants, cancer therapy, and immunodeficiency diseases; use of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies as precise probes in all fields of modern biological and biomedical research.

437. Biology of Invertebrates. Biol. 152-154 or 195, or introductory geology and two additional natural science courses. (5). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($55) required.
An analysis of form and function in the major groups of invertebrate animals. Lectures, laboratory, and demonstrations.

440/NR&E 422. Biology of Fishes. Introductory biology and one additional biology course. (3). (Excl). (BS).
An introduction to the science of ichthyology including selected aspects of the anatomy, physiology, natural history, ecology, classification, and evolution of fishes and the dynamic relations of fishes to humans. Also involving field study, collection and identification of local forms.

441/NR&E 423. The Biology of Fishes Laboratory. Introductory biology and one additional biology course. (1). (Excl). (BS).
Laboratory providing an introduction to the field methods used in fish biology and fisheries, and examining the diversity of the Michigan ichthyofauna and major groups of world fishes.

442. Biology of Insects. Any college-level biology course. (5). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($35) required.
Emphasis on living animals and evolution. Embryology, development, and molting; elementary physiology, ecology, genetics and behavior, and functional external and internal morphology; and geological history. Classification of adults and immatures. Lectures, field trips, and laboratory.

444. Fish Behavior. Biol. 440. (4). (Excl). (BS). Laboratory fee ($40) required.
Lectures and laboratory exercises in the principles and current knowledge of fish behavior, including such topics as neuroanatomy, sensory systems, behavioral diversity, genetics of behavior, feeding, predator avoidance, locomotion, fright reaction, schooling, communication, migration, mating systems, courtship, mate choice, parental care, learning, and evolution of complex behaviors.

450. Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Biol. 152-154 or 195. (5). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.
Lectures on the evolution, behavior, ecology, and life history of amphibians and reptiles. Laboratory exercises and field trips emphasize identification, life history, adaptations, and field methods.

451/NR&E 451. Biology of Mammals. Biol. 152-154 or 195. (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.
Evolution, distribution, ecology, behavior, anatomy, and classification of mammals, with emphasis on North American species. Lecture, laboratory, and seminar.

455. Ethnobotany. Two college-level biology courses. (Excl). (BS).
Ethnobotany is a course that integrates the principles of plant biology and anthropology. It examines how people manipulate and transform plants for cultural ends and how they think about plants.

457. Algae in Freshwater Ecosystems. Two laboratory courses in botany. (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.
Identification, classification, distribution, life histories, economic importance, and limnological relations of algae of the region. Comparative study of freshwater phytoplankton communities; factors affecting distribution and abundance, population structures and responses to environmental change.

458. Biology of the Algae. Biol. 152 or 195, or Biol. 255. (5). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($40) required.
The lectures deal with the evolution, ecology, reproductive biology, and identification of the algae and their relation to ecosystems and human activities. The laboratory introduces representative material of the major taxa of the algae and includes culture techniques and field trips.

459. Systematic Botany. Biol. 152-154 or 195, or Biol. 255. (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($30) required.
Principles of systematic botany, including training in the major groups of vascular plants in terms of their morphology, anatomy, cytology, ecology, and reproductive biology, as well as problems in numerical taxonomy, biosystematics, and botanical nomenclature. Laboratory includes plant specimens and visual aids.

468. Mushrooms and Molds: Biology and Use. Biol. 154. (5). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($50) required.
Surveys the members of the Kingdom Fungi, provides an introduction to their ecology, physiology, genetics, and importance to man in biotechnology, medicinal mycology, and plant pathology through lectures, laboratories, and field trips.

474. Wetlands Ecology. Two college-level courses in Biology, preferably one in Ecology. (Excl). (BS).
This course emphasizes the role of wetlands as a component of ecosystems, landscapes and global biogeochemical cycles. The science and management of wetland ecosystems provides a framework to discuss the importance of wetlands as a sustainable resource for water quantity and quality, wildlife habitat and preservation of natural areas.

475. Conservation Biology and Ecosystem Management. Two courses in the biological sciences including ecology. (Excl). (BS).
This course draws on biological principles from ecology and genetics relevant to species conservation and ecosystem management. Topics covered include: assessment of biodiversity loss, viability of small populations, community-wide consequences of introductions and extinctions, application of island theory to preserve design, ecosystem and landscape approaches to conservation. Students spend the bulk of their time working in groups on field and computer-based projects.

476. Ecosystem Ecology. An ecology course in the department of Biology, or an ecology course approved by the instructor; and permission of instructor. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Current theories about the control and function of ecosystems, the approaches and techniques being used to test these theories, and the application of theory to the management and restoration of ecosystems.

477. Laboratory in Field Ecology. A course in ecology. (5). (Excl). (BS).
This is a filed course, emphasizing observation and hypothesis formation in ecology. Students work in small groups on specific topics, which changes from week to week.

478. Advanced Ecology. A general ecology course (Biol. 381 or equivalent). (3). (Excl). (BS). May be repeated for a total of six credits.
Focuses on current topics in ecology placed in a historical perspective. The philosophy of science, hypothesis testing, experimental design, critical thinking, and the development of professional research skills are emphasized.

480. Computer-Aided Inferences in Evolution and Ecology. Senior natural science concentrator or graduate student. (4). (Excl). (BS).
A course for prospective professional researchers in natural science who want to learn the concepts, techniques, and language skills to formulate hypotheses so that computers (rather than mathematics) can derive predictions with which to compare data. Such hypotheses are less constrained by mathematical needs and so can better meet the needs of natural science.

481. Population Dynamics and Ecology. A course in ecology. Calculus is strongly recommended. (4). (Excl). (BS).
Lectures and discussion on the principles of population ecology, with emphasis on theory and empirical research on the dynamics and regulation of managed and natural populations and the development of skills for modeling populations.

482. Limnology. Three laboratory courses in botany or zoology. (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.
A comparative study of physical, chemical, and biological properties of a variety of local lakes. Students are introduced to a broad range of field and laboratory techniques. Lectures emphasize aquatic ecology and water quality assessment. The study of a local problem in aquatic resource management is emphasized toward the end of the course.

483. Limnology: Freshwater Ecology. Advanced undergraduate or graduate standing, with background in physics, chemistry, biology, or water-related sciences. (3). (Excl). (BS). (QR/1).
Lectures on the interrelationships of organisms and the environment in fresh waters, with special attention to recent developments in the field.

484. Limnology Laboratory. Concurrent enrollment in Biol. 483. (3). (Excl). (BS). (QR/1). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($70) required.
Discussion, laboratory, and field work dealing with interpretation of the interaction of environmental factors in natural waters. Emphasis on comparative aspects of local habitats.

485/Geol. 450/NR&E 450/NavArch 450. Aquatic Science Field Studies. Junior science or engineering concentrators. Those with credit for GS 223 may only elect Biol. 450 for 5 credits. (NS). (BS).
Taught near Lake Michigan. Basic concepts of physical, chemical, biological, and geological sciences as they apply to the aquatic environment are covered in lectures. Students participate in a field program and carry out an independent research project.

486. Biology and Ecology of Fish. Two laboratory courses in biology. (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.
Lectures provide background in fish ecology, distribution and evolution, and in the geological history of North American freshwater habitats. Laboratory and field exercises, designed to investigate the physiological, behavioral and numerical responses of fish to biotic and abiotic factors. Group exercises stress methods for studying community interactions, population ecology and limiting factors, and students are expected to design and carry out independent studies applying methods learned in class to specific problems in fish ecology.

487/NR&E 409. Ecology of Fishes. One course in ecology. (Lectures: 3 credits; lectures and lab: 4 credits). (Excl). (BS).
Physiological, behavioral, and numerical responses of fish to biotic and abiotic factors. The relationships between fish and the physical, chemical, and biological parameters of the major habitat types is emphasized, especially in regards to the adaptations of fish for survival under these different constraints.

488. Microbial Ecology of Terrestrial Ecosystems. Biol. 152. (3). (Excl). (BS).
This course surveys the major groups of soil organisms found in terrestrial ecosystems in Michigan. The primary focus is to gain an understanding of how these organisms grow, reproduce and interact in soil processes ultimately controlling plant growth, e.g., nitrogen fixation, mycorrhizal symbioses, pathogenic symbioses, etc.

489/NR&E 430. Soil Properties and Processes. Introductory biology and chemistry. (3). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement. Laboratory fee ($10) required.
Soils as central components of terrestrial ecosystems. Major emphasis on physical and chemical soil properties and their relationships to soil-resource problems: soil-plant relations, site productivity, soil mapping and classification, forest and crop management, soil erosion, pollution effects, and biogeochemical cycling. Quantitative analysis and interpretation of soil data are stressed in lecture and laboratory. Forested soils are a major focus, although soils of other ecosystems are also examined.

490. Population and Quantitative Genetics. Biol. 305. (3). (Excl). (BS).
The dynamics of population growth and regulation. Analyses of forces affecting genotype frequencies and factors determining the maintenance and release of variability. The concept of fitness of individuals and populations. Ecological aspects of population differentiation and structure.

491. Principles of Phylogenetic Systematics. Biol. 152-154 or 195. (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.
Systematics is the science of classifying organic diversity. This course focuses on a single, coherent theory of classification--phylogenetic systematics, which involves the discovery of the species genealogy and the formulation of a corresponding taxonomy.

492. Behavioral Ecology. Biol. 152-154 or 195, and one additional course in zoology. (4). (Excl). (BS).
An introduction to animal behavior. The comparative method as well as various experimental approaches to the study of behavior of animals are presented. Emphasis on the integration of the various factors influencing behavior.

494. Evolution and Human Behavior. Introductory biology and upperclass standing. (4). (Excl). (BS).
This course explores the sense in which human behavior may be appropriately viewed as an outcome of the process of organic evolution by natural selection, and the consequences of this proposition. The principles of modern evolutionary biology are outlined, with special reference to topics like sexuality, senescence, parental care, nepotism, and social reciprocity. Theories of cultural change and learning are discussed in relation to evolutionary arguments, and efforts are made to relate cultural patterns and the results of experimental psychology to the human background of evolution by natural selection. The significance of evolutionary considerations for concepts of ethics, morality, and justice are explored.

495. Plant Population and Community Ecology. A course in ecology. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Lectures and discussions on the ecology of plant species, with emphasis on the study of interactions among individuals and among populations in both agricultural situations and natural communities. Specific topics include germination and seedling establishment patterns, growth, reproduction, and mortality in plant populations, models of plant population dynamics, and the effect of disturbance on plant community structure. Intended for students who are preparing for active research in ecology.

496/NR&E 425. Population Ecology. General ecology and NR&E 438; calculus recommended. (4). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.
Principles of population and community ecology are examined from an analytical and theoretical perspective for application to management problems. Where most past management problems for communities and populations have dealt with maximum sustained yield, presently management goals are becoming more diverse - including management of parks and preserves, captive breeding for endangered species, and biological control. General principles applied to insects, fish, birds, and mammals. Special emphasis given to population growth and the species attributes affecting it: predation, competition, island biogeography, species diversity, and stability.

497. Community Ecology. A course in ecology. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Patterns and processes in populations and assemblages of animals and plants are examined, with examples from specific field studies and a variety of organisms. Emphasis is placed upon the biological interactions among species and the approaches used in field research, experimentation, data analysis, and the testing of ecological theory.

498. The Ecology of Agroecosystems. A course in ecology. (3). (Excl). (BS).
An analysis of ecological principles as they apply to agricultural ecosystems, emphasizing theoretical aspects but also covering empirical results of critical experiments. While the emphasis is on principles, practical applicability is also explored where appropriate. Physical, biological, and social forces are integrated as necessary. Designed as preparation for active research in agroecosystem ecology.

499. Dynamic Systems in Population and Community Ecology. A course in calculus and Biol. 481. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Classical notions of dynamic systems theory are covered, e.g. Rayleigh's model of musical instruments, Duffing's non-linear oscillator, the Van der Pol oscillator, Poincar�'s three-bodied problem, along with elementary notions of dynamic systems in ecology (Lotka-Volterra-style equations of predation, competition, and mutualism, 1-D models of logistics and higher order maps). The course also explores the more recent developments in dynamics, as applied to population and community ecology.

513. Microbial Genetics. Genetics; and microbiology or biochemistry. (3). (Excl). (BS).
A lecture course covering the principal aspects of microbial genetics, emphasizing analysis of original papers.

514. Topics in Molecular Evolution. Biol. 305 and one upper-level course in either molecular or evolutionary biology, and permission of instructor. (3). (Excl). (BS).
The subject of this course is methods of comparative DNA/amino acid sequence analysis using an evolutionary approach. Topics of sequence alignment and phylogeny reconstruction using DNA and protein sequences are covered.

521. Bacterial Physiology II: Carbon Metabolism. Biol. 305, and Biol. 310 or 311 or Biol. Chem. 415. (1). (Excl). (BS).
The course focuses on central metabolism, especially the catabolism of glucose and lactose.

522. Bacterial Physiology III: Nitrogen Metabolism. Biol. 305, and Biol 310, 311, or Biol. Chem 415. (1). (Excl). (BS).
This course focuses on the assimilation of inorganic forms of nitrogen into cellular material and on the degradation of nitrogenous organic compound for use by cellos

532. Birds of the World. Sixteen credits of biology and permission of instructor. (4). (Excl). (BS).
Designed for students who plan to do research in ornithology. The first quarter of the course deals with the anatomy of birds and the remainder is a survey of bird families, with emphasis on adaptive radiation, distribution, and the major published literature on each group. Study skins, skeletons, and literature are used in the laboratory. The use of birds as objects for various types of research is stressed.

534. Developmental Neurobiology. Previous courses in neurobiology and development; and permission of instructor. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Consideration of such topics as: the formation of synaptic connections, guidance of axonal growth, transport of chemicals within the axon, interactions between the muscles or sense organs and the brain, regeneration, and genetic and environmental determination of brain development. Examination of current research literature.

541/Anatomy 541/Physiology 541. Mammalian Reproductive Endocrinology. Biol. 310 or 311, or Biol. Chem. 415. (4). (Excl). (BS).
A study of the cellular and molecular actions of reproductive hormones, which are responsible for the regulation of the female and male reproductive systems. Topics include: the properties and mechanisms of action of pituitary gonadotropic and sex steroid hormones, the anatomy and endocrine regulation of the ovary and testis and of the male and female reproductive tracts, mechanisms of fertilization, implantation and development, the endocrinology of pregnancy, and contraception.

556. Field Botany of Northern Michigan. A course in systematic botany (Biol. 459). (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.
A comprehensive filed approach to vascular plants of the region, including characteristic species of both terrestrial and aquatic habitats as well as species known for their rarity or distinctive distribution pattern.

585. Ecology of Streams and Rivers. A previous or concurrent course in limnology, aquatic ecology, phycology, or aquatic invertebrates is recommended. (Excl). (BS). Satisfies a Biology laboratory requirement.
Ecology of running water systems. Emphasis is placed on natural history, trophic relationships, population dynamics, and systematics of stream organisms. Aquatic plants, periphyton, insects, other invertebrates, and fish are examined in their relation to physical and chemical characters of streams in the vicinity of the Biological Station. One stream is studied in detail. Both individual and class projects are expected.

589. Mechanisms of Microbial Evolution. Biol. 305. (3). (Excl). (BS).
Topics covered include the nature of microbial populations, laboratory populations, mutator loci in clonal populations, and coevolution.

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