Courses in Geological Sciences (Division 377)

Geol. Sci. 100. Coral Reefs.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 156 (or 260). (1). (NS). (BS).

Coral Reefs is an in-depth tour of the biological and physical processes active in modern reef systems to provide a detailed understanding of the ecology of the individual organisms and the complex nature of their interactions within the reef community. Evolution of the reef community is examined, ranging from the crude framework structures formed over one billion years ago by primitive algae to luxuriant and diversified reefs of the modern-day oceans, to define the evolutionary strategies through geologic time, the implications of man's intervention with the Earth's hydrosphere and atmosphere on the character of future reef communities are considered.

Geol. Sci. 101. Waves and Beaches.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 152 (or 276). (1). (NS). (BS).

This course focuses on various coastal environments and the degree to which man has modified these natural systems. For example, the State of Louisiana is forty square miles smaller this year than last, and erosion along Michigan shores results in annual losses estimated at millions of dollars. These and other processes are directly or indirectly related to man's activities.

Geol. Sci. 102. Energy from the Earth.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

(1). (NS). (BS).

The nature, mode of occurrence, and the technology of exploration and exploitation of energy resources, and their relevance to the present and future world energy needs. Special attention is given to oil, gas, oil shale, tar sands, coal, uranium, and geothermal resources.

Geol. Sci. 103. Dinosaurs and Other Failures.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 149 (or 273). (1). (NS). (BS).

Some of the outstanding "failures" in evolutionary history also involve the most interesting success stories. This course looks at the fossil record and the ecological causes of diversification and extinction of the ruling reptiles.

Geol. Sci. 104. Ice Ages, Past and Future.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 151 (or 275). (1). (NS). (BS).

This course examines the effects of past glaciations on the landscape and on life, and on man in particular. Speculation on the causes of the ice ages that have dominated the earth for the past million years and predictions of future ice ages, based on current geological research, are examined. The course includes a half-day field trip in the area around Ann Arbor.

Geol. Sci. 105. Continents Adrift.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 205 or 146 (or 270). (1). (NS). (BS).

The seemingly stable land masses of the world are in motion. Continental collision and fragmentation are only a few of the attendant processes associated with these motions. This course deals with the modern concept of plate tectonics and continental drift, the processes, and the products of this dynamic system.

Geol. Sci. 106. Fossils, Primates, and Human Evolution.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 125. (1). (NS). (BS).

The fossil record, particularly that of primates, is used to document the course of human evolution.

Geol. Sci. 107. Volcanoes and Earthquakes.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 205, 146, or 147 (or 270 or 271). (1). (NS). (BS).

The earth in action; geography of earthquakes and volcanoes and catastrophic events in historic times; size and frequency of occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions; the products of volcanism, volcanic rocks, and volcanic and geologic activity through geologic time; volcanic exhalations and the evolution of the earth's atmosphere and oceans; the relationship of earthquakes and volcanoes to plate tectonics and the internal dynamics of the earth; and volcanism and geothermal energy, man-made earthquakes, and earthquake prediction and control.

Geol. Sci. 110. The History of the Oceans.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 222. (1). (NS). (BS).

The history of past oceanic life, events, and environments as recorded in seafloor sediments is examined and discussed.

Geol. Sci. 111. Climate and Mankind.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 201 or 151 (or 275). (1). (NS). (BS).

A short, half-term lecture course covering topics including weather, climate factors, climate classification, climate and man, animals and plants, climate change and pollution.

Geol. Sci. 113. Planets and Moons.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 204 or 158 (or 278). (1). (NS). (BS).

A current survey of the geology of the solar system in light of the extraordinary advances in planetary exploration during the past decade. Historical development of geological ideas about the solar system, including processes on earth and those of other bodies in the solar system.

Geol. Sci. 114. The Elements.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

High School math, physics, and chemistry. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 142 (or 266). (1). (NS). (BS).

This is a half-term courses on the origin, abundance, and distribution of elements in the solar system. Topics include a review of the periodic table of elements; chemical and nuclear properties of elements; nuclide stability and nuclear reactions; nucleosynthesis (i.e., why do stars shine?) and element formation in stars (hydrogen burning, helium burning and subsequent processes, and s-, r-, and x-processes); abundance and distribution of elements and isotopes in the sun, Earth, and planets.

Geol. Sci. 115. Geologic Time.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 135 or 145 (or 269). (1). (NS). (BS).

Examines various aspects of geologic time, its measurement, its dimensions and its implications with respect to rates and events of geological and biological change.

Geol. Sci. 116. Introductory Geology in the Field.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Reduced credit is granted for GS 116 to those with credit for an introductory course in geology on campus (GS 117, 118, 119, 120, 205, or 206). Contact the department undergraduate advisor for details about reduced credit. IIIb at Camp Davis, Wyoming. (8). (NS). (BS).

An introduction to geology in the field, this course is the equivalent of Geology 117 or 121 but is taught at Camp Davis, the University's Rocky Mountain Field Station near Jackson, Wyoming. The principles and procedures involved in the study of earth materials and processes are stressed. Minerals, rocks, and fossils are studied in their natural settings. Lectures are given both in camp and in the field, but a majority of time is spent outdoors in the nearby Teton, Hoback, Gros Ventre, and Snake River Ranges. Trips are also taken to areas of special significance including the Wind River Range, Craters of the Moon, and Yellowstone Park. Lectures, laboratory, and extensive field studies. Contact the department at 1006 C. C. Little Building between November and February for application form and more detailed information.

Geol. Sci. 117. Introduction to Geology.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 116, 119, or 120. Those with credit for GS 205 may only elect GS 117 for 4 credits. I and II. (5). (NS). (BS).

A basic single-term course in introductory geology concentrating on the evolution of the earth in physical and chemical terms. Reference to the interaction of the external biosphere- atmosphere- hydrosphere with the earth's interior is an essential component of the course. The laboratory provides a practical study of minerals, rocks, fossils and geologic maps. One hour each week is scheduled for review and discussion of topics covered in class. Lectures, laboratory and discussion.

Geol. Sci. 118. Introductory Geology Laboratory.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Prior or concurrent enrollment in GS 119, or 205 and 206, or 135. Credit is not granted for GS 118 to those with credit for an introductory course in geology (GS 116, 117, or 218). I and II. (1). (NS). (BS).

A one-term laboratory course covering the laboratory portion of Geology 117. Provides background in physical aspects of geological materials.

Geol. Sci. 119. Introductory Geology Lectures.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 116, 117, 120. No credit granted to those who have completed both 205 and 206. Those with credit for GS 205 may only elect GS 119 for 3 credits. I and II. (4). (NS). (BS).

Consists of lectures shared with Geology 117 but does not include the laboratory section. A separate discussion section is also scheduled to ensure continuity with class material and student-teacher contact. Students interested in a one-term laboratory introductory science course should elect Geology 117. Lectures and discussion.

Geol. Sci. 120. Geology of National Parks and Monuments.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Credit is not granted for GS 120 to those with credit for an introductory course in geology (116, 117, 119). No credit granted to those who have completed both GS 205 and 206. II. (4). (NS). (BS).

This course approaches earth history by examining the geology of places rather than geological processes. There are three lectures each week and one two-hour demonstration. Lecture material covers the geologic history of selected National Parks and Monuments chosen so that those in which the oldest rocks are exposed are discussed first. The demonstrations provide first-hand experience with rocks, minerals, and fossils and an opportunity to discuss these in small groups.

Geol. Sci. 124/AOSS 124/Environ. Stud. 124. Environment, People, Resources.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

(2). (NS). (BS).

Human interaction with the environment including the history and politics of environmental change, an introduction to ecology, population and hunger, agriculture, and the exploitation of biological resources.

Geol. Sci. 125. Evolution and Extinction.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Those with credit for GS 106 may only elect GS 125 for 2 credits. (3). (NS). (BS). May not be included in a concentration plan in geological sciences.

This course presents a review of the origin and development of animal life with special emphasis on the fossil record. Other sources of data in support of the evolutionary concept, some of the general principles and procedures for the interpretation of such data, and the historical and philosophical impact of the concept of evolution are also considered.

Geol. Sci. 130/Phys. 119/Chem. 108. The Physical World.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

High-school algebra. (4). (NS). (BS). (QR/2).

A lecture course which introduces physics, chemistry and algebraic concepts of Earth and Planetary Science on a quantitative basis.

Geol. Sci. 135. History of the Earth.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

High school chemistry, physics, and mathematics recommended. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 145 (or 269). Those with credit for GS 115 may only elect GS 135 for 2 credits. (3). (NS). (BS).

Methods of measuring time and determining age. Accretion, primary differentiation, and thermal, compositional, and structural evolution of the bulk earth. Development of continental and oceanic lithosphere, plate tectonics through time. History of the crust, sediments, oceans, atmosphere, and life. Earth history from the perspective of the moon and other terrestrial planets.

Geol. Sci. 140. Science and the Media.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Only first-year students, including those with sophomore standing, may pre-register for First-Year Seminars. All others need permission of instructor. (3). (NS).

Examines the relationship between science and the media through a series of case studies of recent and important scientific breakthroughs, primarily from earth and environmental sciences.

Geol. Sci. 141(265). How to Build a Habitable Planet.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. (3). (NS). (BS).

This seminar ranges from the formation of the universe, stars and planets, to Earth's earliest beginnings and subsequent evolution, to societal interactions with natural hazards, resources, and environment.

Geol. Sci. 142(266). From Stars to Stones.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

High school math and science. Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. Those with credit for GS 114 may only elect GS 142 for 2 credits. (3). (NS). (BS).

This course journeys from stellar evolution and the make-up of the elements in stars, to the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets.

Geol. Sci. 145(269). Evolution of the Earth.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 135. Those with credit for GS 115 may only elect GS 145 for 2 credits. (3). (NS). (BS).

This course explains the evidence for the formation and subsequent evolution of the Earth, including how time is measured using nuclear techniques and how the Earth is changing at the present.

Geol. Sci. 146(270). Plate Tectonics.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. No credit granted to those who have completed three of GS 105, 107, and 205. Those with credit for one of GS 105 and 107 may only elect GS 146 for two credits. Those with credit for GS 205, or both GS 105 and 107, may only elect GS 146 for one credit. (3). (NS). (BS).

The theory of plate tectonics explains the mobility of continental and oceanic domains ("continental drift") with respect to each other. Earthquakes, volcanoes and fossil magnetism in rocks provide the evidence.

Geol. Sci. 147(271). Natural Hazards.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. Those with credit for GS 107 or 205 may only elect GS 147 for 2 credits. Those who have credit for both GS 107 and 205 may only elect 147 for 1 credit. (3). (NS). (BS).

Seminar exploring various kinds of natural hazards, with emphasis on earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or tsunamis. Includes current status of prediction research.

Geol. Sci. 148(272). Seminar: Environmental Geology.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

High school math and science. Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 284. Those with credit for GS 109 may only elect GS 148 for 2 credits. (3). (NS). (BS).

Examination of interactions between people and their physical environment: case histories and discussions of selected environmental problems including natural hazards, water resources, nuclear waste disposal and geologic aspects of environmental health.

Geol. Sci. 149(273). Contemporary Dinosaurs.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. Those with credit for GS 103 may only elect GS 149 for 2 credits. (3). (NS). (BS).

Contemporary Dinosaurs examines in a seminar format an understanding of dinosaurs and other fossil reptiles, and the history and philosophy of their study.

Geol. Sci. 150(274). Dinosaur Extinction and Other Controversies.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. (3). (NS). (BS).

This course examines the philosophical issues raised: (1) What constitutes scientific evidence?; and (2) How do we distinguish science from non-science? Controversies examined include the possibility that the dinosaur extinction was caused by meteor impact, creationism vs. evolution and global warming.

Geol. Sci. 151(275). The Ice Ages: Past and Present.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. Those with credit for GS 104 may only elect GS 151 for 2 credits. I. (3). (NS). (BS).

Characteristics of the Earth's climate system and how the various components of that system operate to produce times when extensive ice sheets cover large parts of the Earth's surface. The role in climate change of the ice sheets themselves, the astronomical inputs, the oceans, the atmosphere, and the movement of the continental and ocean boundaries are presented and discussed.

Geol. Sci. 152(276). Coastal Systems and Human Settlements.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. Those with credit for GS 101 may only elect GS 152 for 2 credits. (3). (NS). (BS).

Introduces students to those geologic processes which have given rise to coastlines of the world, establishing a basis for understanding why these regions have been in a state of rapid change for thousands of years, examining the reasons why human modification of coasts and adjacent rivers has commonly exacerbated this situation, and explores the ramifications of anticipated global warming and attendant global sea level rise in the coming decades.

Geol. Sci. 153(278). Earthlike Planets.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

High school science and math recommended. Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. Those with credit for GS 113 may only elect GS 153 for 2 credits. (3). (NS). (BS).

Introduces students, in a seminar format, the freshman or sophomore undergraduate to the terrestrial planets. Studies of solid planets are used as a vehicle to better understand our own world and the methodology and limitations of science in the presence of conflicting hypotheses and ambiguous data.

Geol. Sci. 155(283). Evolution of North America.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 411. (3). (NS). (BS).

This course is intended to develop concepts about earth history based on the midcontinental rock record available on a field trip encircling Lake Huron, including southern Ontario, the Bruce Peninsula, the Laurentian Shield via Perry Sound, Sudbury, Elliot Lake and the east shore of Lake Superior, and returning through northern Michigan. Through seminar discussion and individual presentation the students master a geological framework from which to examine corresponding rocks in the field.

Geol. Sci. 201/Geography 201. Introductory Geography: Water, Climate, and Mankind.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 144 (or 268). Those with credit for GS 111 may only elect GS 201 for 3 credits. I. (4; 3 in the half-term). (NS). (BS).

Introduction to hydrology and climatology. Emphasizes the study of maps, seasons, time, atmosphere, radiation, heat balance, circulation, moisture, precipitation, changes in climate (glaciers), air masses (fronts) and water supply. Lectures and laboratory.

Geol. Sci. 204/AOSS 204/Astronomy 204. The Planets: Their Geology and Climates.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

High school mathematics through plane geometry and trigonometry. Those with credit for GS 113 may only elect GS 204 for 2 credits. (3). (NS). (BS).

Structure, composition and evolutionary history of the surfaces and atmospheres of the planets and their satellites, with special emphasis given to comparative aspects of geology and and climatology. Intended for non-science concentrators with a background in high school math and science.

Geol. Sci. 205. How the Earth Works: the Dynamic Planet.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 117, 119, or 146 (or 270). No credit granted to those who have completed both GS 105 and 107. Those with credit for one of GS 105 and 107 may only elect GS 205 for 1 credit. (2). (NS). (BS).

An integrated look at the dynamic earth. Processes from its formation 4.56 billion years ago, its subsequent evolution to today's earthquake and volcanic activity are examined in a view of a continuously evolving planet.

Geol. Sci. 206. How the Earth Works: the Water Cycle and Environment.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Those with credit for GS 109 may only elect GS 206 for 1 credit. (2). (NS). (BS).

Earth surface processes as they affect water and the global biogeochemical environment. Quantifies rates of water and elemental exchange between major earth surface reservoirs. Surface rock weathering and geochemical exchange described.

Geol. Sci. 207. How the Earth Works: A Hands-On Experience.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 116, 117, 118, or 120. (2). (NS). (BS).

A practicum for students that combines a lecture and a laboratory session on environmental geology issues.

Geol. Sci. 222. Introductory Oceanography.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in AOSS 203. (3). (NS). (BS). (QR/2).

The oceans of earth, their circulation, biology, chemistry, geology or the sea floor, and marine resources. Emphasis is on understanding the oceans as a single ecosystem.

Geol. Sci. 223. Introductory Oceanography, Laboratory.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Concurrent enrollment in GS 222. (1). (NS). (BS). (QR/2).

Laboratory course to be elected concurrently with Geology 222. One three-hour lab each week.

Geol. Sci. 231. Elements of Mineralogy.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Prior or concurrent enrollment in Chem. 125/130 or 210/211. Those with credit for GS 232 may elect GS 231 for only 2 credits. I. (4). (Excl). (BS).

General survey of properties of inorganic solids including elementary crystallography and crystal chemistry, with emphasis on application to mineralogical and geological problems. Laboratory study of morphological crystallography and properties of the more important minerals. Optional field trips.

Geol. Sci. 232. Earth Materials.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Prior or concurrent enrollment in Chem 125/130 or 210/211. Those with credit for GS 231 may elect GS 232 for only 2 credits. (4). (NS). (BS).

This course is a required part of the Environmental Geology concentration program. It comprises an introduction to the inorganic materials, and processes involving materials, which occur at or near the earth's surface and which therefore are fundamental to processes of environmental significance. The order of major subjects is (1) fluids and their properties, (2) crystal structural and crystal chemical properties of crystalline solid phases, (3) general chemical relationships among phases, (4) systematics of significant mineral groups, especially clay minerals, and (5) minerals and processes among minerals in weathering, diagenetic, sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic systems.

Geol. Sci. 279/Environ. Stud. 359. Ocean Resources.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

High school science and math recommended. Only first-year students (including first-year students with sophomore standing) may pre-register for this course. All other students need permission of instructor. II. (3). (NS). (BS).

Survey of oceanography and the resources of the ocean. Consideration of conflicts arising from overexploitation and competing uses of the ocean and its resources.

Geol. Sci. 280/Environ. Stud. 360. Mineral Resources, Economics, and the Environment.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

May not be included in a Geological Sciences concentration plan. II. (4). (NS). (BS). (QR/2).

Survey of major world mineral supplies with emphasis on their geology and the economic and environmental factors that limit their use.

Geol. Sci. 284. Environmental Geology.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 148 (or 272). Those with credit for GS 147 (or 271) may only elect GS 284 for 3 credits. (4). (NS). (BS).

Deals with interactions between people and Earth. It begins with an introduction to geologic materials and processes and goes on to specific topics such as soil, surface and groundwater, natural hazards (volcanism, landslides, earthquakes, floods, coastal processes), geomedicine, and waste disposal.

Geol. Sci. 305. Sedimentary Geology.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

An introductory geological sciences laboratory course. I. (4). (Excl). (BS).

Properties of sediments and their origin, transportation, deposition, lithification, and diagenesis followed by ecology and environmental analysis, paleoecology, facies analysis, and an introduction to stratigraphic methods and principles. Lectures, laboratory, and field trip.

Geol. Sci. 310. Petrology.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

GS 231 and either an introductory geological sciences course or GS 351 to be elected prior to or concurrently with GS 310. II. (4). (Excl). (BS).

A review of the rock-forming minerals is followed by discussion of the origin, modes of occurrence, alterations, classification, and methods for the determination of the important rocks based on megascopic characteristics.

Geol. Sci. 351. Structural Geology.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

GS 117 or 119. II. (4). (Excl). (BS).

An intermediate course primarily for students with a professional interest in earth sciences, dealing with the description, origin, and interrelationships of geologic structures in the framework of plate tectonics in general and the evolution of mountain belts in particular. The laboratory is an integral part of the course and accounts for about one-third of the course grade. Lectures deal mostly with the description and mechanical origin of geological structures such as faults, folds, joints, foliations, as well as some igneous structures such as laccoliths and dikes. The discussion of individual structures leads to the end goal of the course: interpretation of the tectonic history of complexly deformed terrains through the analysis of the constituent structures. The laboratory includes calculations useful in deciphering the geometry of structures in the field – true dip of beds, net slip on faults, distribution of fold-axis orientations, etc. A significant part of the laboratory also deals with interpreting geologic maps of deformed regions such as the Appalachians, Canadian Rockies, and elsewhere. Optional field trips.

Geol. Sci. 411. Geology of Michigan.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

No credit granted to those who have completed or are enrolled in GS 155 (or 283). (3). (Excl). (BS).

Suitable for students with a limited background in science and geology. Basic principles of geology are outlined in the course and used to explore the four billion years of geologic evolution of the Upper Great Lakes region by way of lectures and interpretation of geologic maps.

Geol. Sci. 415. Introductory Economic Geology (Metals).

(Primarily for Concentrators)

GS 310 or 351. I. (4). (Excl). (BS).

An introduction to the geology of metalliferous mineral deposits and to the scientific principles and economics involved in their discovery and utilization. Weekly, problem oriented laboratories provide experience in the identification and interpretation of ores in hand specimens, thin sections, and polished sections.

Geol. Sci. 416. Organismal Function and Evolution.

(Introductory Courses and Courses for Non-concentrators)

Biol. 162 (or 152) or Geol. 418; Math. 115; Physics 125. (4). (Excl). (BS).

Organisms must obey the law of physics, thus their morphology is governed or constrained by them. This course introduces the relevant principles of physics and explores how organisms can be understood in terms of the environment they encounter. The course illustrates why physics is important to biology and broadens the physics background of biology/paleontology students.

Geol. Sci. 418. Paleontology.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

GS 117, or Biol. 162 (or 154) or 195. I. (3). (Excl). (BS).

Introduction to the principles, methods of analysis, and major controversies within paleontology; familiarization with the fossil record (primarily, but not exclusively, of invertebrates) and its use in problems involving evolutionary biology, paleoecology, and general earth history. Lectures and required field trip.

Geol. Sci. 419. Paleontology Laboratory.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Prior or concurrent enrollment in GS 418. I. (1). (Excl). (BS).

This laboratory course involves observation, analysis, and interpretation of fossil and relevant recent materials, primarily invertebrates. Its goal is to give the student experience in dealing with paleontological problems and to develop a familiarity with the systematics and morphology of important groups of fossil organisms.

Geol. Sci. 420. Introductory Earth Physics.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Math. 116. I. (3). (Excl). (BS).

This course is intended to be a comprehensive introduction to the physics of the solid earth. Topics to be included are: seismology and structure of the earth's interior; geodynamics; gravity and the figure of the earth; isostasy; geomagnetism and paleomagnetism and its implications for plate tectonics; geothermics and the thermal history of the earth.

Geol. Sci. 422. Principles of Geochemistry.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

GS 231, 305, 310 and Chem. 125/130. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).

Instruction is directed toward how geochemical methods, such as stable isotope and trace element analysis, radioactive age dating, determination of phase relations of minerals and melts at low to high temperature and pressure, and computation of or experimentation on equilibria in the hydrosphere, hydrothermal solutions, and metamorphic and igneous systems, can unravel and provide insight into the origin and chemical evolution of the earth and its parts (core, mantle, crustal rocks).

Geol. Sci. 425. Environmental Geochemistry.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Introductory chemistry. (3). (Excl). (BS).

This course deals with the geochemistry of our environment. It focuses on the geochemistry of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere and the ways in which they affect the biosphere. Applications of these principles to present-day problems in environmental geochemistry are discussed.

Geol. Sci. 426. Quantum Geology.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Math through 216, and one of: mineralogy, petrology, solid-state chemistry, solid-state physics, or materials science; or permission of instructor. (3). (Excl).

This course provides a foundation in basic physical principles for the interpretation of the state and behavior of earth materials in the field and laboratory, including fluids, minerals, and melts. Central geological concepts from mineral and fluid chemistry, thermodynamics, and transport are analyzed in terms of the underlying quantum and statistical mechanics.

Geol. Sci. 427. Environmental and Technological Applications of Mineralogy.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Geology 231/232, comparable courses in the solid-state, or the approval of the instructor. (3). (Excl).

This course introduces basic principals in mineralogy and materials science with their application to environmental and technological problems. Topics include phase transitions, corrosion and alteration, trace element behavior, colloids and surfaces. Materials discussed include clays, soils, cement, zeolites, and actinide/toxic metal phases.

Geol. Sci. 430. Depositional Environments.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Permission of instructor. (3). (Excl). (BS).

Deals with advanced concepts in the deposition of sedimentary rocks. Includes an examination of important processes and products of sediment accumulation in the major terrigenous clastic, carbonate, and evaporite depositional systems including both continental and oceanic settings where appropriate.

Geol. Sci. 433. Field Studies in Economic Geology.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Permission of instructor. (1-4). (Excl). (BS). May be repeated for credit.

Field Studies in Economic Geology.

Geol. Sci. 435. Field Studies in Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Permission of instructor. (1-4). (Excl). (BS). May be repeated for credit.

Field Studies in Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry.

Geol. Sci. 437. Evolution of Vertebrates.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

A course in general biology or historical geology. (4). (Excl). (BS).

Lectures and laboratory exercises on the anatomy, ecology, and phylogeny of vertebrates with emphasis on adaptation and evolution.

Geol. Sci. 438. Evolution of the Primates.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Permission of instructor. (4). (Excl). (BS).

Survey of living primates and analysis of the primate fossil record. Reconstruction of paleobiology of fossils Plesiadapis, Notharctus, Aegyptopithecus, Proconsul, etc., is followed by analysis of the origin, systematic relationships, and major adaptive radiations of primates.

Geol. Sci. 439. Fossil Record and Evolution of Mammals.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Permission of instructor. (4). (Excl). (BS).

Contribution of fossil record to our understanding of the evolutionary process and the origin, radiation, and systematic relationships of mammals. Emphasis on functional anatomy, origin of modern mammalian orders in the Paleocene and Eocene, and the Miocene to recent faunal history of mammals.

Geol. Sci. 440. Field Course in Geology.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Elementary trigonometry, GS 310 and 351. IIIb at Camp Davis, Wyoming. (8). (Excl). (BS).

Field instruction in structural geology, geomorphology, stratigraphy, and economic geology taught at Camp Davis, the University's Rocky Mountain Field Station near Jackson, Wyoming. Includes use of plane table and aerial photographs in geologic mapping. Contact the department in 2534 C.C. Little Building between November and February for application form and more detailed information.

Geol. Sci. 441. Field Course in Environmental Geology.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

One of GS 116, 117 or 119; or GS 205 and 206. IIIb at Camp Davis, Wyoming. (4 in the half-term). (Excl).

A four week field course in general and environmental geology held at Camp Davis, Wyoming for students concentrating in Environmental or General Geology. Students are introduced to the basics of geologic mapping and the tectonic evolution of North America. The course culminates with a final project on surficial, geological processes of environmental importance. Contact the department in 2534 C.C. Little Building for application form and more detailed information.

Geol. Sci. 442. Earth Surface Processes and Soils.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Upperclass standing; an introductory course in physical geology is recommended but not required. I. (4). (Excl). (BS).

Study of processes occurring on the Earth's solid surface that determine its landforms, as well as the processes by which soils form on the surface. The emphasis is on both processes in the present environment and the evolution of landforms over geological time. Several required field trips investigate landforms and processes around southern Michigan.

Geol. Sci. 445/Biology 445. Biogeography.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Biol. 162 (or 152-154) or 195. Historical Geology (or equivalent) is recommended. (3). (Excl).

The goal of this course is to provide students with an understanding of how evolution proceeds through time in relation to geography. The course explores the limitation of distributions of organisms by barriers, including climate, effects on species formation and extinction, species abundance and richness, dispersal, and vicariance.

Geol. Sci. 447. Archaeological Geology.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

GS 442 or 448; and one 300-level (or higher) course in anthropological or classical archaeology. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).

In-depth treatment of geological concepts and techniques important in and applicable to the study of archaeological sites and their environments.

Geol. Sci. 448. Geomorphology II: Glacial and Periglacial.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

An introductory physical geology course. I. (4). (Excl). (BS).

Comprises the study of the formation and occurrence of glaciers, the erosional and depositional processes by which glaciers transform the landscape, the geomorphic processes characteristic of periglacial regions, and the causes of climatic change conducive to global glaciation ("ice ages"). Required field trips focus on the glacial history of Michigan and the history of the Great Lakes.

Geol. Sci. 449. Marine Geology.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

GS 222/223 or introductory physical geology. (3). (Excl). (BS).

Topography, geomorphology, sediments, processes, and environments of the oceans; characteristics of oceanic segments of the earth's crust; and theories of structural development.

Geol. Sci. 450/Biol. 485/NavArch 450/NR&E 450. Aquatic Science Field Studies.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Junior science or engineering concentrators. Those with credit for GS 223 may only elect GS 450 for 5 credits. IIIa in Grand Haven, Michigan. (6 in the half-term). (NS). (BS).

Taught near Lake Michigan. Basic concepts of physical, chemical, biological, and geological sciences as they apply to the aquatic environment are covered in lectures. Students participate in a field program and carry out an independent research project.

Geol. Sci. 451. Introductory Earth Structure.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Permission of Instructor. (3). (Excl). (BS).

Interpretation of geological structures in the Earth's crust, and introduction to global plate tectonics. This course is aimed at all who have an interest in the Earth's physical properties beyond the introductory level, which may include graduate students; geology and oceanography majors should elect GS 351. Three weekly lectures; no laboratory sessions.

Geol. Sci. 455. Determinative Methods in Mineralogical and Inorganic Materials.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

One term of elementary chemistry and physics. II. (4). (Excl). (BS).

Introduction to the principal quantitative methods of characterizing the chemistry and structure of inorganic phases, including X-ray diffraction, XRF, microprobe, SEM, wet chemical, optical, resonance, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Laboratory provides student with practical experience with principles covered in lectures. Designed for geologists, chemists, physicists, metallurgists, and materials scientists.

Geol. Sci. 458. X-ray Analysis of Crystalline Materials.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

GS 455. II. (3). (Excl). (BS).

X-ray diffraction theory through a review of crystal structure determination. Emphasis is on the Weissenberg and precession single-crystal methods with extensive laboratory participation.

Geol. Sci. 465/AOSS 467/Chem. 467. Biogeochemical Cycles.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Math. 116, Chem. 210, and Phys. 240. (3). (Excl). (BS).

The biogeochemical cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur; the atmosphere and oceans as reservoirs and reaction media; the fate of natural and human-made sources of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur compounds; the interactions among major biogeochemical cycles and resultant global change: greenhouse gases, acid rain, and ozone depletion.

Geol. Sci. 467. Stratigraphy.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

GS 305, 310, and 351. I. (3). (Excl). (BS).

Principles underlying correlation, sedimentation, and paleogeographic interpretation. Regional stratigraphy and sedimentary tectonics.

Geol. Sci. 468. Introduction to Signal and Image Processing in the Earth Sciences.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Math. 116. Prior or concurrent enrollment in a structured computer language such as "C" or Pascal. (3). (Excl). (BS).

Image Processing is a significant display tool which is useful to students in all the sciences and engineering. Students use image processing software to manipulate topographic elevation images developing contour maps, block diagrams, and shadow images. The fractal geometry of space and time series is explored. Students develop a project using these processing techniques for a term paper which determines the course grade.

Geol. Sci. 473. Fundamentals of Organic Geochemistry.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

GS 305 or Chem. 215/216. (3). (Excl). (BS).

An introduction to the fundamentals of the sources, transport, accumulation, and alterations of organic matter in sediments and sedimentary rocks. Elemental, isotopic, and molecular indicators of origins, diagenetic and catagenetic pathways of constituents of organic matter, and carbon, biogeochemical cycles. Formation of petroleum and coal.

Geol. Sci. 477. Hydrogeology.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Phys. 140/141, Chem. 125/130, and Math. 116; Math. 215/216 are recommended. (4). (Excl). (BS).

Introduction to physical and chemical hydrogeology, with emphasis on process and application to geological settings. Quantification of the hydrologic cycle and physical framework and properties of aquifer systems. Development of transport equations and examples of fluid, energy, and chemical transport in porous and fractures media.

Geol. Sci. 478. Geochemistry of Natural Waters.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

College chemistry. (4). (Excl). (BS).

The application of chemical principles to the study of rock/water interactions in natural systems. Importance of kinetics, thermodynamics and activity/concentration relating to geologic problems.

Geol. Sci. 479. Marine Geochemistry.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Chem. 125/130. (3). (Excl). (BS).

Distribution and composition of marine sediments, marine cycles and budgets of the elements, paleoceanography, conceptual and quantitative models of ocean composition, thermodynamic and kinetic controls on composition, seafloor hydrothermal systems, current research topics.

Geol. Sci. 483. Geophysics: Seismology.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Prior or concurrent election of Math. 215 and Phys. 240. (4). (Excl). (BS).

Elastic properties of rocks, elastic waves, seismological instruments and data, use of body wave travel times, surface wave dispersion, and periods of free vibrations to infer the structure and composition of the earth's interior; earthquake intensity and magnitude scales; spatial, temporal, and magnitude distribution of earthquakes, earthquake source mechanisms, seismological contributions to understanding of earth dynamics and global tectonics, moonquakes, underground nuclear explosions and "man-made" earthquakes, and earthquake prediction and control. Lectures and laboratory.

Geol. Sci. 484. Geophysics: Physical Fields of the Earth.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Prior or concurrent election of Math. 216 and Phys. 240. (4). (Excl). (BS).

Newtonian attraction; the potential function, spherical harmonics; attraction of special distributions, gravity exploration techniques; isostasy, the figure of the earth; earth tides, the magnetic field of the earth, spatial and temporal variations, theories of origin; rock magnetism, paleomagnetism, contributions to earth dynamics and global tectonics; magnetic field of special distributions, magnetic exploration techniques; temperatures and heat transport in the earth, geothermal measurements, implications for tectonic processes. Lectures and laboratory.

Geol. Sci. 486. Geodynamics.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

GS 420 and prior or concurrent election of Math. 215 and Phys. 240. (3). (Excl). (BS).

Analysis of dynamic problems in geology through application of continuum and thermal physics. Concepts of stress, strain and elasticity; flow of viscous fluids; and conduction and advection of heat are developed in geological contexts. Physical basis for plate tectonics considered in detail.

Geol. Sci. 487. Seismology Laboratory.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Permission of instructor. (1). (Excl). (BS).

Laboratory portion of Geology 483 for those students requiring only seismology laboratory.

Geol. Sci. 488. Physical Fields Laboratory.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Permission of instructor. (1). (Excl). (BS).

Laboratory portion of Geology 484 for those students requiring only physical fields laboratory.

Geol. Sci. 489. Geological Sciences Honors.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Permission of instructor. (1-6). (Excl). (BS). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of six credits.

Readings, discussions, and special work in geological sciences for undergraduate Honors students. May be taken as a one-term or two-term sequence with Geol. Sci. 490.

Geol. Sci. 490. Geological Sciences Honors.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Permission of instructor. (1-6). (Excl). (BS). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of six credits.

Readings, discussions, and special work in geological sciences for undergraduate Honors students. May be taken as a one-term or two-term sequence with Geol. Sci. 489.

Geol. Sci. 498. Research or Special Work.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Permission of instructor. (1-6). (Excl). (BS). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of six credits.

Research or special work in geological sciences for undergraduate or graduate students. May be taken as a one-term or two-term sequence with Geol. Sci. 499.

Geol. Sci. 499. Research or Special Work.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

Permission of instructor. (1-6). (Excl). (BS). (INDEPENDENT). May be repeated for a total of six credits.

Research or special work in geological sciences for undergraduate or graduate students. May be taken as a one-term or two-term sequence with Geol. Sci. 498.

Geol. Sci. 515. Tectonics of Oceans and Continents.

(Primarily for Concentrators)

GS 351. (4). (Excl). (BS).

Modern tectonic processes of plate boundaries. Tectonic evolution of oceans and continents.