Forming the Instrumental Case of Nouns

In the instrumental singular, all feminine nouns take the –ą ending, while masculine and neuter nouns take the –em ending (except for the masculine nouns ending in –a, and neuter nouns ending in -um.) Whenever the stem of masculine and neuter nouns ends in –k or –g, both k and g are palatalized, and become ki and gi.

All nouns take the –ami ending in the instrumental plural , except for a few nouns ending in a soft consonant which take the -mi ending.

Also, several alternations occur when we form the instrumental case.

See and compare the following example:

Syntactic functions of the instrumental case